Valve disease 2

Question 1

vascular complications

Answer 1

1. aortic dilation
2. aneurysm formation
3. aortic dissection
4. associations:
   a. coarctaction
   b. PDA
   c. Coronary anomalies

Question 2

Management of Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Answer 2

1. Serial assessment of the aortic valve by echo is a valuable tool to evaluate the functional state of the valve as well as to measure the aortic diameter, chamber dimensions, and ventricular function
2. Patients with mild-to-moderate valvular dysfunction and normal left ventricular (LV) dimensions and function should be monitored by echocardiography at regular intervals.

Question 3

Other Forms of Aortic Stenosis

Answer 3

1. subvalvular disease

Question 4

Subvalvular disease

Answer 4

1. thin membrane (the most common lesion),
2. thick fibromuscular ridge,
3. diffuse tunnel-like obstruction,
4. Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
5. abnormal mitral valve attachments
6. accessory endocardial cushion tissue

Question 5

Bicuspid aortic valve disease

Answer 5

1. is the most common congenital cardiac defect (1-2% of babies) .
2. can be found in isolation
3. often associated with dilation of the proximal ascending aorta secondary to abnormalities of the aortic media.

Question 6

Aortic Regurgitation

Answer 6

1. valve disease

2. disease of the aorta

Question 7

Aortic Regurgitation: valve disease

Answer 7

1. Rheumatic
2. Degenerative
3. Endocarditis
4. Congenital
   a. Bicuspid
   b. Quadricuspid

Question 8

Aortic Regurgitation: disease of the aorta

Answer 8

1. Dissection
2. Marfan’s
3. Atherosclerosis
4. Annulo-aortic ectasia
5. Syphilis
6. Ankylosing spondilitis
7. Osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 9

signs of aortic regurgitation

Answer 9

1. corrigan’s pulse
2. quicke’s pulse
3. de Musset’s sign
4. Durozie’s sign
5. hill’s sign

Question 10

corrigan’s sign

Answer 10

Rapid forceful carotid upstroke followed by rapid decline

Question 11

quicke’s pulse

Answer 11

Diastolic blanching in nail bed when slightly compressed

Question 12

de Musset’s sign

Answer 12

bobbing of the head

Question 13

Durozie’s sign

Answer 13

Systolic and diastolic femoral bruits when compressed with stethoscope

Question 14

Hill’s sign

Answer 14

Systolic BP in legs > 30 mmHg than in arms

Question 15

types of pulmonic stenosis

Answer 15

1. acommissural
2. unicommissural
3. bicuspid
4. dysplastic

Question 16

Stenosis of the pulmonic valve is

Answer 16

1. one of the more common forms of congenital heart disease.
2. Most of the patients are children however patients with congenital pulmonic stenosis may come to medical attention during adolescence or adulthood.

Question 17

In recent years _____ has largely replaced surgical valvotomy except in patients with dysplastic valves.

Answer 17

percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty