myocardial pathology 3

Question 1

Hypertension stages

Answer 1

1. essential

2. secondary

Question 2

secondary hypertension

Answer 2

1. renal disease (diabetes, renal artery stenosis)
2. endocrine (adrenal endoplasm, steroid medication)
3. CV

Question 3

systemic hypertension: LV

Answer 3

Left heart: systemic hypertension: BP >140/90

Question 4

clinical manifestations of systemic hypertension

Answer 4

1. often silent: so tx doesn’t effect change for most people

2. can manifest with headache and dizziness

Question 5

systemic hypertension: complications

Answer 5

1. Atherosclerosis/aneurysm
2. Cerebral vascular disease
3. Kidney
4. Congestive heart failure

Question 6

systemic hypertension: Kidney effects can lead to

Answer 6

Key cause of “chronic renal disease”; often along with diabetic renal disease
1. Arteriolosclerosis
. Glomerulosclerosis

Question 7

systemic hypertension: Cerebral vascular disease can result in

Answer 7

1. Ischemic: arteriolosclerosis

2. Hemorrhage

Question 8

systemic hypertension: CHF can lead to

Answer 8

1. pulmonary edema and eventual right heart failure)

Question 9

Causes of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 9

1. left heart
2. pulmonary or thoracic causes (Cor Pulmonale)
3. pulmonary parenchyma disease
4. pulmonary vessel disease
5. chest movement alterations

Question 10

left heart causes of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 10

1. congenital heart disease (VSD)

2. left heart failure

Question 11

pulmonary parenchyma disease causes of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 11

1. emphysema
2. interstitial lung disease
3. bronchiectasis

Question 12

pulmonary vessel disease causes of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 12

1. Pulmonary Emboli
2. Primary pulmonary hypertension
3. Sleep apnea

Question 13

chest movement alteration causes of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 13

1. Kyphoscoliosis
2. Morbid obesity
3. Neuromuscular: myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, ALS

Question 14

Pulmonary hypertension is

Answer 14

1. right ventricle
2. hypertrophy
3. dilation

Question 15

right heart failure: liver problems:

Answer 15

1. passive congestion of liver
2. centrilobular congestion–nutmeg liver
3. also ascites
4. lower leg edema

Question 16

in diastole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Answer 16

Open: mitral valve, tricuspid valve

closed: pulmonary and aortic are closed

Question 17

in systole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Answer 17

1. open: pulmonic and aortic are open

2. tricuspid and mitral are closed

Question 18

mitral stenosis: echo findings

Answer 18

1. enlarged RA
2. thickened mitral valve leaflets
3. decreased movement and separation of mitral valve leaflets
4. decreased mitral valve orifice

Question 19

mitral regurgitation echo findings

Answer 19

1. enlarged LA (if chronic)
2. enlarged LV (if chronic)
3. systolic flow from LV into LA by doppler