aortic and pulmonic disease

Question 1

valve diseases in hospital discharge most to least prevalent

Answer 1

1. mitral
2. aortic
3. Rheumatic MR
4. mitral stenosis/endocarditis

Question 2

valve disease: surgical procedures: most to least prevalent

Answer 2

1. all valve replacement
2. AV
3. All MV
4. MV

Question 3

factors responsible for the development of calcific aortic stenosis

Answer 3

1. atherosclerosis risk factors
2. genetic
3. osteoblast phenotype

Question 4

aortic valve is open in

Answer 4

diastole

closed in systole

Question 5

types of aortic valve

Answer 5

1. bicuspid
2. rheumatic
3. calcific

Question 6

bicuspid

Answer 6

congential, where two cups have fused.

only 2 commissures instead of 3

Question 7

calcific

Answer 7

deposits of calcium in the leaflets and restricts the motion.

Question 8

rheumatic

Answer 8

commissures fuse an then calcify

Question 9

characterization of early lesion of degenerative vavular aortic stenoisisl

Answer 9

classify early vs late based on:

displacement of elastic lamina and mineralization

Question 10

survival of pt with aortic stenosis over time: onset of symptoms

Answer 10

1. around 60 yrs old
2. angina
3. syncope
4. failure

Question 11

aortic valve replacement

Answer 11

mechanical or bioprosthesis

Question 12

Once thought a degenerative disease, the mechanism by which a healthy tricuspid aortic valve becomes stenotic is now believed to be

Answer 12

similar to that of atherosclerosis.

Question 13

The tricuspid aortic valves become stenotic in the

Answer 13

sixth, seventh, and eighth decades of life, mainly caused by calcium deposits in the valve cusps and not by fusion of the commissures.

Question 14

In developed countries, _____ has become a very rare cause of aortic stenosis.

Answer 14

rheumatic fever

When the aortic valve is affected by rheumatic heart disease the mitral valve is almost always affected as well.

Question 15

Valve replacement is recommended for

Answer 15

individuals with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis.

Such patients have a dire outlook, with 75% dying within 3 years of symptom onset.

Question 16

The cardinal symptoms of severe aortic stenosis are

Answer 16

1. angina
2. syncope and
3. shortness of breath

Question 17

The bicuspid aortic valve is the

Answer 17

most common congenital cardiac malformation, occurring in 1% to 2% of the population.

The majority of BAV patients develop complications eventually requiring treatment.

Question 18

After development, BAV is associated with

Answer 18

1. aortic dilation
2. aneurysms, and
3. dissection .

In light of this, the BAVs should be considered a disease of the entire aortic root.

Question 19

Bicuspid valve: The elastic laminae of the aortic media

Answer 19

In patients with BAV, deficient microfibrillar elements result in smooth muscle cell detachment, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) release, matrix disruption, cell death, and a loss of structural support and elasticity.

Question 20

Complications of bicuspid aortic valve

Answer 20

1. valvular complications

2. vascular complications.

Question 21

bicuspid: valvular complications

Answer 21

1. Aortic stenosis
2. Aortic Insufficiency
3. Endocarditis