Vaccines & Vaccination Flashcards
Who discovered the first vaccine?
- Dr. Edward Jenner
- 1796
- created smallpox vaccine
List 3 types of adjuvants
- depot
- particulate
- immunostimulatory
Homologous vaccine ex.
Canine distemper
Side effects of vaccines
- hypersensitvities
- bone fractures
Freund’s complete vs incomplete adjuvant
- complete is H2O in oil emulsion w/ inactivated mycobacteria
- incomplete is same, just w/o mycobacteria
Smallpox is an example of a __________ vaccine
Heterologous
Rabies vaccine is an example of an ________ vaccine
Killed vaccine
Immunization
When person/animal becomes protected against a disease via vaccination
Preservatives
Prevent contamination
Depot adjuvants
- protect antigen against degradation
- prolong immune response via sustained release of antigen over period of time
- Ex: oil in water emulsions
Particulate Antigens
- particles w/ antigens
- better seen by APCs
- Ex: aluminum salts
Immunostimulatory adjuvants
- microbial immunostimulants commonly used
- include lipopolysaccharides
Sigma adjuvant is used only for
Research
Natural adjuvant example
Heat labile enterotoxin B of E. coli
Name the vaccine types
- Toxoid
- subunit & conjugate
- killed/inactivated
- live-attenuated/ (modified live)
- viral vector
- mRNA
Heterologous vaccines
- cowpox/smallpox
- measles/ canine distemper
- turkey herpes/marek’s
Toxoid vaccines
- toxoids used as antigens & induce immune resp. against diseases caused by toxins secreted by specific bacteria
- tetanus vaccine
Killed vaccine
- example: rabies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Viruses that lost disease-causing capability but retain immunogenicity
Subunit vaccines
Extracts or cellular fractions
- ex: antiserum (antibodies produced in another animal/species and injected into another one)
Marker/DIVA vaccines
Markers in vaccine help determine if animal is truly infected or vaccinated
Inducing a primary response in young animals
- vaccinate mom in late stage of pregnancy
- vaccinate young 2-3x at intervals as maternal antibodies decrease
Inducing secondary response (booster) in young animals
- killed vaccine
- long term protection
Horse vaccine programs
Vaccine programs based on age, use of animal, and exposure levels
