Vaccines & Vaccination

Question 1

Who discovered the first vaccine?

Answer 1

• Dr. Edward Jenner
• 1796
• created smallpox vaccine

Question 2

List 3 types of adjuvants

Answer 2

• depot
• particulate
• immunostimulatory

Question 3

Homologous vaccine ex.

Answer 3

Canine distemper

Question 4

Side effects of vaccines

Answer 4

• hypersensitvities
• bone fractures

Question 5

Freund’s complete vs incomplete adjuvant

Answer 5

• complete is H2O in oil emulsion w/ inactivated mycobacteria
• incomplete is same, just w/o mycobacteria

Question 6

Smallpox is an example of a __________ vaccine

Answer 6

Heterologous

Question 7

Rabies vaccine is an example of an ________ vaccine

Answer 7

Killed vaccine

Question 8

Immunization

Answer 8

When person/animal becomes protected against a disease via vaccination

Question 9

Preservatives

Answer 9

Prevent contamination

Question 10

Depot adjuvants

Answer 10

• protect antigen against degradation
• prolong immune response via sustained release of antigen over period of time
• Ex: oil in water emulsions

Question 11

Particulate Antigens

Answer 11

• particles w/ antigens
• better seen by APCs
• Ex: aluminum salts

Question 12

Immunostimulatory adjuvants

Answer 12

• microbial immunostimulants commonly used
• include lipopolysaccharides

Question 13

Sigma adjuvant is used only for

Answer 13

Research

Question 14

Natural adjuvant example

Answer 14

Heat labile enterotoxin B of E. coli

Question 15

Name the vaccine types

Answer 15

• Toxoid
• subunit & conjugate
• killed/inactivated
• live-attenuated/ (modified live)
• viral vector
• mRNA

Question 16

Heterologous vaccines

Answer 16

• cowpox/smallpox
• measles/ canine distemper
• turkey herpes/marek’s

Question 17

Toxoid vaccines

Answer 17

• toxoids used as antigens & induce immune resp. against diseases caused by toxins secreted by specific bacteria
• tetanus vaccine

Question 18

Killed vaccine

Answer 18

• example: rabies

Question 19

Live-attenuated viral vaccines

Answer 19

Viruses that lost disease-causing capability but retain immunogenicity

Question 20

Subunit vaccines

Answer 20

Extracts or cellular fractions

• ex: antiserum (antibodies produced in another animal/species and injected into another one)

Question 21

Marker/DIVA vaccines

Answer 21

Markers in vaccine help determine if animal is truly infected or vaccinated

Question 22

Inducing a primary response in young animals

Answer 22

• vaccinate mom in late stage of pregnancy
• vaccinate young 2-3x at intervals as maternal antibodies decrease

Question 23

Inducing secondary response (booster) in young animals

Answer 23

• killed vaccine
• long term protection

Question 24

Horse vaccine programs

Answer 24

Vaccine programs based on age, use of animal, and exposure levels

Question 25

Horse core vaccines

Answer 25

• tetanus
• rabies
• EEE/WEE

-West nile

Question 26

Core feline vaccines

Answer 26

• FCV- calcivirus
• FPV- panleukopenia
• FeLV

-FHV-1- herpes 1

Question 27

Core dog vaccines

Answer 27

-DAPP

• or components of DHPP individually

Question 28

Needle free vaccine only approved for

Answer 28

FeLV

Question 29

Synthetic peptide vaccines

Answer 29

• AA sequence of an epitope concerned in protective immunity & then able to be synth. as vaccine
• ex: FMD vaccine based on VP1

Question 30

Recombinant DNA vaccine

Answer 30

• plasmids not in cell that code for antigens
• IM or SQ
• DNA transcribed -> RNA in host cells -> protein
• long lasting humoral and cellular immunity
• ex: west nile vaccine for horses

Question 31

Conjugated vaccines

Answer 31

• poorly immunogenic parts of pathogen (polysacc.) combined w/ proteins to enhance immunogenicity
• ex: diptheria toxoid in kids