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Immunology > Specific Acquired Immunity > Flashcards

Specific Acquired Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance or foreign particles that stimulate ur immune system to produce antibodies against it

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2
Q

immunogen

A

Triggers specific immune response

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3
Q

Epitope or antigenic determinant

A

Part of antigen recognized by antibody

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4
Q

Tolerogen

A

Antigen that induces immunologic tolerance

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5
Q

Allergen

A

Antigen that induces anaphylaxis

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6
Q

Tumor antigens

A
  • antigens presented by MHC I molecules on surface of tumor cells
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7
Q

TSAs

A
  • tumor specific antigens
  • presented only by tumor cells & not normal ones
  • result from tumor specific mutation
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8
Q

Autoantigens

A
  • normal protein or complex of proteins recognized by immune system of patients suffering from autoimmune disease
  • under normal conditions, should not trigger immune response, but do due to loss of tolerance
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9
Q

Not all antigens are _____ while all immunogens are ____

A
  • immunogens; antigens
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10
Q

Complete antigens

A
  • proteins
  • large
  • capable of stimulating immune response
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11
Q

Hapten antigen

A
  • incomplete
  • reacts w/ specific antibody, not immunogenic by itself
  • made immunogenic by conjugation to carrier
  • penicillin
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12
Q

Endogenous antigen examples

A
  • autoantigens
  • tumor antigens
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13
Q

2 good immunogens

A
  • protein antigens
  • polysaccharide antigens
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14
Q

Weak to bad immunogens

A
  • lipid antigens
  • nucleic acid antigens
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15
Q

T or F: Some glycolipids and phospholipids can stimulate T cells and produce CMI

A

True

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16
Q

T or F: Nucleic acid antigens can become immunogenic when single stranded or complexed w/ proteins

A

True

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17
Q

T-dependent antigens

A
  • don’t directly stimulate antibody prod. w/o T cells
  • example: microbial proteins
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18
Q

T-independent antigens

A
  • directly stimulate B cells to prod antibodies w/o T cells
  • prod. almost only IgM
  • no secondary response
  • example: pneumococcal polysaccharide
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19
Q

Superantigens

A
  • cause excessive activation of immune system
  • non specific activation of t cells causing polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release
  • produced by pathogens as a defense mechanism agains immune system
  • example: staph and strep
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20
Q

Conventional antigen

A
  • stimulate production of monoclonal/oligoclonal t cell response
21
Q

Properties of immunogens that influence immunogenicity

A
  • foreigness: discrimiation between self and non self
  • molecular size: bigger=stronger, smaller=weaker or non-immunogenic
  • chemical composition: more complex= more immunogenic
  • physical form: particulate antigens more immunogenic than soluble; denatured antigens more potent than native
  • susceptibility to antigen processing and presentation: easily phagocytosed=more immunogenic
22
Q

Biological system on host (influence on immunogenicity)

A
  • genetic factors: patient lack/have altered genes code for receptors for antigens on B and T cells; may not have appropriate genes for APC to present antigen to helper t cells
  • age
23
Q

Method of administration (factors that affect immunogenicity)

A
  • dose: above or below= not optimal
  • route: SQ and IM= more potent compared to IV and IG
  • adjuvants
24
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Prod. of antibodies when antigens present and mediated by B lymphocytes

25
Q

CMI

A

Prod. of cytotoxic T cells, activated macrophages, activated NK cells, and ctyokines in response to antigen

Mediated by t-lymphocytes

26
Q

Adjuvant

A
  • example: Aluminum-potassium sulfate
27
Q

Jules freund (1930)

A
  • freund’s incomplete adjuvant
  • freund’s complete adjuvant
28
Q

Freund’s complete adjuvant

A
  • emulsion of h2O and mineral oil containing heat-killed mycobacteria
  • stimulates production of TH1 cells
  • administered @ early stage of immunization program
  • rapid and immediate response
  • can lead to development of disease in immunocompromised patients
29
Q

Freud’s incomplete adjuvant

A
  • emulsion of H2O and mineral oil w/o added mycobacteria
  • stimulates production of Th2 cells
  • administered @ later stage of immunization (usually for boosters after initial injection w/ complete adjuvant)
  • slow response
  • hard to formulate with antigen during vaccine prep.
30
Q

Heat labule enterotoxin B (LTB)

A
  • intramolecular adjuvant
  • E. Coli version is strong mucosal adjuvant and immunogen; can be used as subunit vaccine candidate against ETEC-induced diarrhea
31
Q

CD4

A
  • glycoprotein co receptor for T cells
  • found on APCs and helper t cells
32
Q

CD8

A
  • transmembrane glycoprotein
  • co-receptor for TCR
  • role in cell signaling, aiding w/ cytotoxic T cell-antigen interactions
33
Q

CD3

A
  • protein complex
  • activated CD8+ and CD4+
34
Q

Alpha/beta T cells-> CD4+ T cells ->…….

A

Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg

35
Q

Th1

A
  • produces: IFN-g, IL-2, TNF-b
  • act on CD8+, T cell, NKs, Monocytes, B cells (Ig3)
  • enhances cell-mediated cytotoxicity
36
Q

Th2

A
  • Produces IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
  • act on eosinophils, B cells (IgE, Ig4)
  • respond to worms and allergens
37
Q

Th17

A
  • act on neutrophils and eosinophils
  • proinflammatory; response to extracellular bacteria and fungi
38
Q

Treg

A
  • produces TGF-b, IL-10
  • acts on other lymphocytes
  • inhibits function of T & B cells, dendritic cells, etc
39
Q

Exogenous antigens assc w/ CD___ and class ___

A

CD4+; Class II

40
Q

Endogenous antigens assc w/ CD___ and Class __

A

CD8; Class I

41
Q

High IgM can mean

A

Potential current primary infection

42
Q

Antibody functions during infection

A
  • neutralization/ microbial binding
  • cytotoxicity against virus infected cells
  • opsonization
  • complement fixation
  • mast cell degranulation
43
Q

IgG

A
  • Major Ig in serum and formed in secondary responses
  • escapes into extravascular spaces easily
  • opsonize, agglutinate, and precipitate antigen
  • increased amt in sera after initial lag after first immunization
  • different in secondary responses
44
Q

IgM

A
  • 1st antibody formed in newborn vertebrates
  • 1st/major Ig in primary immune response
  • abt 900,000 daltons
  • pentamer w/ j protein
  • second highest in serum conc.
  • intravascular, efficient in complement activation, etc.
45
Q

IgA

A
  • dimer w/ j protein
  • minor serum component
  • major Ig in external secretions in non-ruminants (IgG1 in ruminants)
  • protects mucosal surfaces, mammary glands, eyes
  • doesn’t activate complement system & isn’t opsonin
46
Q

sIgA (secretory IgA)

A
  • IgA secreted by plasma cell in mucosa & binds to receptor on epithelial cells
  • protects IgA from proteolytic enzymes and facilitates sIgA into secretions
  • in intravascular and secretions
47
Q

IgD

A
  • on membrane of B lymphocytes
  • sensitive to proteolytic enzymes
  • precise function unknown
  • low concentration in serum
  • role in antigen-triggered clonal prolif.
48
Q

IgE

A
  • Type I hypersensitivity
  • binds mast cells and basophils & with antigen release vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin)
  • anti-parasitic immunity
  • nasal secretions and saliva
  • increased conc. In atopic skin diseases
49
Q

IgY

A

Avian egg yolk

Immunology (16 decks)

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