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Microbiology > vaccines and immunological response > Flashcards

vaccines and immunological response Flashcards

1
Q

cytotoxins

A

a cytotoxin has a direct toxic and destructive effect on certain cells of the body

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2
Q

cytotoxicity

A

the quality of being toxic to cells

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3
Q

endotoxin

A

toxins present inside a bacterial cell that is released when it disintegrates

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4
Q

what cause production of cytokines

A

endotoxins

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5
Q

cytokines

A

caused by the release of endotoxins upon binding to immune cells

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6
Q

examples of cytokines

A

interferon, interleukin and growth factors- any substance which are released by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells

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7
Q

two main antibodies of the adaptive immune response

A

IgG and IgM

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8
Q

IgG

A
  • made up of 4 polypeptide chains
  • 2 heavy chains (50kDa)
  • 2 light chains (25kDa)
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9
Q

IgM

A

can be circulating as a pentameter or on the surface of B cells

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10
Q

two parts of the immune system which prevents infection

A

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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11
Q

innate immunity

A

-non-specific and general. Immediate response.

NO IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY

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12
Q

two parts of innate immunity

A

1) humoral: complement, enzymes, cytokines

2) cellular: phagocytes, natural killer cells and pattern receptors

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13
Q

humoral- innate

A

complement, enzymes, cytokines

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14
Q

cellular-innate

A

phagocytes, natural killer cells and pattern receptors

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15
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • specific to antigen
  • lag time form exposure to response
  • immunological memory
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16
Q

2 parts of the adaptive response

A

1) humoral: antibodies and cytokines

2) cellular: T cells and B cells

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17
Q

humoral- adaptive

A

antibodies and cytokines

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18
Q

cellular- adaptive

A

t cells and b cells

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19
Q

immunological cells all come from

A

bone marrow stem cell

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20
Q

innate cells come from

A

myeloid precursors

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21
Q

monocytes

A

dendrite cells and macrophages

22
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils and mast cells

23
Q

adaptive cells come from

A

lymphoid precurosors

24
Q

bone marry maturation

A

B cells –> plasma cells

25
Q

thymus maturation

A

T cells

26
Q

light chain of antibodies found

A

on the outside

27
Q

heavy chain of antibody found

A

on the inside

28
Q

primary response is made up mostly of

A

IgM

29
Q

secondary response is made up mostly of

A

IgG

30
Q

IgA

A

found in mucous, saliva, tears and breast milk–> protects against pathogens
-x2 antibodies

31
Q

IgD

A

part of the B cell receptor. activates basophils and mast cells

32
Q

IgE

A

protects against parasitic worms. responsible for allergic reaction

33
Q

IgG

A

secreted by plasma cells into the blood. Able to cross the placenta into the fetus

34
Q

IgM

A

may be attached to the surface of B cells or secreted into the blood. Responsible for early stages of immunity
–> PENTAMER

35
Q

antibodies

A

recognising foreign pathogens and opsonising them. This aids in their uptake by Fc receptors on phagocytes, leading ton their eventual destruction

36
Q

opsonisation

A

tells immune cells which pathogens to take up

37
Q

what to antibodies on pathogens attach t on immune cells

A

Fc receptors

38
Q

T cells

A

required for protection against intracellular pathogens

39
Q

process of cytotoxic R cells and destruction of infected cell

A

1) cytotoxic T cell binds to infected cell
2) perforin from T cell makes hole sin infected cells membrane
3) infected cell lyses

40
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

protect against intracellular pathogens

41
Q

what protects against extracellular pathogen sand toxins

A

antibodies

42
Q

types of vaccine

A

toxoid, live and attenuated, subunit, conjugates, inactivated, DNA, recombinant vector

43
Q

vaccines provide the

A

primary response- therefor the next time that individuals comes into contact with that pathogen, the response is massive and they will not become unwell

44
Q

subunit vaccines

A

can contain anywhere from 1 to 20 antigens. Pathogens are grown and then chemicals ar used to break it apart and important antigens are gathered. These antigens can then be used in recombinant DNA technology

45
Q

subunit vaccine process

A
  • -> gene from bacteria added to plasmid using recombinant technology
    1) lac promotor with IPTG added and causes transcription of the T7 RNA polymerase.
    2) this will then attached to the correct site on the plasmid with the cloned gene
    3) T7 RNA polymerase then transcribes the clone gene and the gene product (protein) is produced
46
Q

positives and negative of using E.Coli as a recombinant host

A

+ve: well developed genetics, many strains, best known bacterium
-ve: potentially pathogenic. periplasm traps proteins

47
Q

positives and negative of using Bacillus subtilise as a recombinant host

A

+ve: easily transformed, nonpathogenic, naturally secrets proteins, endospore formation simplifies culture
-ve: genetically unstable, genetics less developed than in E.coli

48
Q

positives and negative of using Eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiaeas a recombinant host

A

+ve: well developed genetics, nonpathogenic, can process mRNA and proteins, easy to grow
-ve: plasmids unstable and will not replicated most bacterial plasmids

49
Q

problem with live attenuated vaccines

A

with identifying which genes to knockout if no obvious virulence factors. Good targets are those involved in amino acid metabolism

50
Q

what is used in KO (knockout) in live attenuated vaccine production

A

homologous recombination–> knockouts of certain genes, making them safe to be used as vaccines

51
Q

example of phenotypes of KO pathogens

A

A C.difficile bacteria KO’s for a cell surface antigen can no longer adhere to gut cell

Microbiology (25 decks)

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