microbiology introduction

Question 1

how many bacteria on earth

Answer 1

4-6 x10^30 bacterial cells on earth

Question 2

abiogenesis

Answer 2

the original evolution of life or living organisms from inorganic or inanimate substances

Question 3

aristotle and abiogenesis

Answer 3

taught that this form of biogenesis and laid it down to the observed fact that some animals spring from putrid matter e.g. aphids arising from the dew which falls on plants –> spontaneous generation

Question 4

who was first to challenge Aristotle on spontaneous generation

Answer 4

Francesco Redi

Question 5

francesco redi experiment

Answer 5

at the time it was believed that maggots arose spontaneousy in rotting meat. Reid believed that maggots developed from eggs laid by flies. to test this he set out meat in a variety of flasks. Some ope to air, some sealed completely and other covered in quake. he expected maggots appeared only int he open flask- which the flies could reach

Question 6

robert hook

Answer 6

compound microscope and coined the phrase ‘cell’ when observing a cork–> monks. MICROGRAPHIA

Question 7

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 7

simple microscope 200 x ANIMALCULES- microscopic animals

Question 8

Bonnet suggested term

Answer 8

germs

Question 9

who conclusively disproved spontaneous geenration

Answer 9

Pasteur Through an experiment where beef broth was sterilized through boiling in two flasks, one that was exposed to air and another that was protected from it. The one that was exposed to contaminants became clouded, showing microbial growth, whilst the sealed one did not.

Question 10

Koch’s postulates

Answer 10

1) the suspected pathogenic organism must always be present in animals suffering from the disease and should not be present in healthy individuals 2) the organism must be cultivated in pure culture away from he animal body 3) cells from he pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal 4)the organism should be preisolated and shown to be the same as the original

Question 11

prokaryotes

Answer 11

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 12

on the bacterial tree

Answer 12

size of boxes indicated the relative number of each group that have been identified –> over 80 phyla

Question 13

aquifex

Answer 13

a hyperthermophile

Question 14

Deinococcus is unique in that it can tolerate…

Answer 14

radiation- 10Gy is sufficient to kill a human. A does of 60Gy is ssuffieicnt to kill all cells in a culture of E.coli. However a dose of 5,000 Gy can be withstood by D. radiodurans

Question 15

what paved the way for life being able to produce oxygen

Answer 15

cyanbacteria

Question 16

in the 21st century in developed countries few deaths are caused by

Answer 16

infectious disease

Question 17

how is tree of life generated

Answer 17

comparing nucleic acid sequence in particular ribosomal RNA

Question 18

what did Koch discovered

Answer 18

mycobacterium tuberculosis –> causative agent of TB

Question 19

Fleming

Answer 19

first used Salvarsan i.v. for syphilis and discovered that penicillium notatum prevented growth of staphylococcus aureus

Question 20

Jenner

Answer 20

vaccination –> smallpox hit glousterhsire. Noted that milkmaids with cowpox did not become infected. Took material from pustules of milkmaids and inoculated children.

Question 21

Martinus Beijerinck

Answer 21

for enrichment culture, a medium and a set of incubation conditions are established to elect for the desired organism from an inoculum -famously isolated N2-fixing bacterium Azotobacter