evolution- the tree of life

Question 1

Linnaean classification based on

Answer 1

morphological similarity –> hierarchical system independent of evolutionary theory

Question 2

linnaean classification makes no assumption of

Answer 2

relatedness

Question 3

how to reconstruct evolutionary relationships

Answer 3

related organisms grouped, unrelated not grouped –> based on phenotype and genotype

Question 4

phenotype

Answer 4

morphology often very informative of relationship

Question 5

homologs

Answer 5

a gene related to a second gene by descent

Question 6

orthologs

Answer 6

genes in diff species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation and kept original function –> homologous genes that are the result of a speciation event

Question 7

paralogs

Answer 7

genes related by duplication within a genome and evolved new functions (homologous genes that are the result of a duplication event

Question 8

what have more meaning

Answer 8

phylogenic relationships

Question 9

phylogeny

Answer 9

study of the evolutionary history of organisms- both living and extinct e.g. it appears that A is more closely related to B than H, but actually H is ore closely related due to them coming from the same stem

Question 10

what does the tree of life show

Answer 10

all if has one origin

Question 11

three basic groups in tree of life

Answer 11

eukarya, prokaryote and archea

Question 12

Monophyly

Answer 12

monophyletic group is a taxon (group of organisms) which forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 13

diagram of monophyly

Answer 13

Monophylyl also shows all descendents

Question 14

morphological issues

Answer 14

parallel evolution, convergent evolution and secondary loss

Question 15

parallel evolution

Answer 15

independent evolution of same feature from same ancestral condition

Question 16

example of parallel evolution

Answer 16

european and south american sabre toth

Question 17

convergent evolution

Answer 17

independent evolution of same feature fromm diff ancestral condition

Question 18

secondary loss

Answer 18

reversion to ancestral condition

Question 19

large subunit of ribosome

Answer 19

49 proteins and 3 RNA

Question 20

small submit of ribosome

Answer 20

33 proteins and 1 RNA molecule

Question 21

ribosome in total has

Answer 21

82 proteins and 4 RNA molecules

Question 22

advantage of molecular data

Answer 22

many genes are present in all organism and data set is as large as genome size

Question 23

rRNA universally presents genes (3)

Answer 23

1) all organisms known are DNA based 2)all use ran intermediates during transcription/translation 3) ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) universal genes

Question 24

why can alignment be used

Answer 24

due to secondary structures- homologous residues can be identified. Used to produce most likely phylogenetic tree

Question 25

if duplications occur

Answer 25

new functionality can occur. if such duplications occurred a long time ago they might be universal among the three domains of life

Question 26

rooted universal tree

Answer 26

currently there are a few known gene duplications. All show the same topology for the universal tree –>Eukaryotes and archaebacterial are sister groups

Question 27

Darwin on how life first evolved

Answer 27

in some warm litter pond with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salt, life, heat and electricity and present, that a protein compound was chemically formed, ready to undergo more complex changed

Question 28

black smoker

Answer 28

no little ponds as no continents. Over 350 degree. ATP instantly degrades at 150 degree

Question 29

white smoker

Answer 29

Much colder than black smoker- 40-90 degrees.

Methane and hydrogen rich, alkaline, trace metals.

-Biogenic hydrocarbon production

Question 30

ancient

Answer 30

-up to 60m tall. -can live over 10,000 years -fossilsed version found -360mya -hollow and full of tiny chambers within walls of pyrite –> early reaction vessels>

Question 31

chemical evolution driven by

Answer 31

pH tem and redox gradient

Question 32

prokaryote diversity

Answer 32

individual lineage of archaebacteria and eubacteria- could have evolved. Many basic aspects of life are identical but also many defining features are different

Question 33

most notable diff in archaebacteria and eubacteria

Answer 33

the membrane

Question 34

need to be homologous characters when comparing because

Answer 34

comparing non -homologs results in incorrect relationship assumption

Question 35

tree of life is based on

Answer 35

ribosomal RNA

Question 36

why is it important to identify the root of life

Answer 36

allows you to identify who is closer related to who

Question 37

third domain of life

Answer 37

carl worse identified a third domain: archaebacteria in 1977

Question 38

archaebacteria

Answer 38

the third domain- mainly extremophiles- can grow in extreme temps

Question 39

diagram of prokaryotic diversity

Answer 39

….

Question 40

paralogue

Answer 40

either of a pair of genes that derives from the same ancestral gene. (genomics) a pair of genes that derives from the same ancestral gene and now reside at different locations within the same genome.