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Microbiology > bacterial diversity and growth > Flashcards

bacterial diversity and growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of classification. Identifies the relationships between groups of organisms. Can be used to identify novel species.

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2
Q

taxa

A

categories of organisms

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3
Q

relatedness is a result of

A

evolutionary history or phylogeny

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4
Q

the three domain theory of classfication

A

originally based on physical difference by microscopy. Now done by genetics

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5
Q

prokaryotes

A

no membrane bound nucleus of organs

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6
Q

gram positive

A

purple and thick peptidoglycan retains the crystal violet

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7
Q

gram negative

A

thinner peptidoglycan doesn’t retain the stained is counterstains with safranin

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8
Q

operating into two groups is not enough

A

can be gram variable or indeterminate

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9
Q

how can we study non cultural bacteria

A

culture independent analyses: fluorescent oligonucleotide that binds specific DNA
–> hard: you have to know what you are looking for to design oligonucleotides

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10
Q

gram positive bacteria is further subdivided into

A

low G+C and High G+C based not he % of GC in genome

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11
Q

low G+C known as

A

Firmicutes

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12
Q

low GC content

A

30%- firmicutes

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13
Q

hight GC content known as

A

actinobacteria

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14
Q

high GC content

A

60-70% actinobacteria

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15
Q

firmicutes

A

lactobacillus, streptococcus, staphylococcus, bacillus, clostridium

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16
Q

lactobacillus and streptococcus are members of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

A

produce lactic acid during metabolism and tolerant to low pH

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17
Q

staphylococcus, bacillus and clostridium produce other acidic by products e.g.

A

butyric acid, propionic acid, acetic acid

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18
Q

lactobaccillus

A
  • bacillus-rod shaped.
  • variable in size
  • imporntnat part of human gut flora
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19
Q

staphylococcus

A
  • coccus-round
  • medically important
  • s.aureus- boils proidec toxins
  • MRSA
  • commensal- S.epidermidis

found in the nose and harmless skin bacteria

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20
Q

clostridium

A
  • rod shaped
  • forms endospores
  • medically important
  • C.tetani- tetnus
  • C. botulinum
  • C.difficile- hospita associated
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21
Q

streptococcus

A
  • ‘twisted chain’
  • coccus
  • Divide on a single axis therefore the rrogenitorcells grow in pairs or chains
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22
Q

examples of high GC gram positives

A

actinomcyes
frank
streptomyces

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23
Q

actinmycetales the order of:actinomcyes
frank
streptomycin… have a similar appearance to

A

fungus–> originally thought to be fungi before DNA technology

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24
Q

frankia

A

filamentous, carry out nitrogen fixation in soils. Atmospheric N to ammonia

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25
Q

streptomyces

A
  • from mycelium
  • produce spores called conidia not same as endospores
  • important producers of antibiotics
26
Q

when do streptomycin produce antibiotics

A

during nutrient depletion therefore a survival mechanism for competition –> active against gram +ve and -ve bacteria and fungal infections

27
Q

actinmyces

A

facultative anaerobes. Looks like fungal hyphae under microscope. Important for soil ecology

28
Q

proteobacteria

A

gram negative bacteria

29
Q

proteobacteria- gram negative bacteria is subdivided into

A

alpha, beta, gama, delta, epsilon

30
Q

alpha

A

rhizobiales

31
Q

rhizobiales: Bradyrhizobium/ Rhizobium

A

Bform symbiosis with plants and fix nitrogen to ammonia

32
Q

beta

A

Neisseriales

33
Q

Neisseriales: Neisseria

A

diplococci. medically important - meningitis- carried by 95% of pop
- -> gonorrhea

34
Q

gamma

A

Enterobacteriales

35
Q

enterobacteriales

A

shigella
escherichia
salmonella

36
Q

enterobacteriales: shigella and salmonella

A

responsible for serious good poisoning

37
Q

enterobacteriales escherichia

A

common inhabitant of intestinal tract but uncommon pathogen

38
Q

epsilon

A

Campylobacterales

39
Q

campylobacterales

A

campylobacter and helicobacter

40
Q

campylobacterales: campypylobacter

A

highly motile bacillus, curve- food born disease e.g. C.jejuni

41
Q

campylobacterales: helicobacter

A

has multiple flagella. causes stomach ulcers e.g. H pylori

42
Q

which is the most common proteobacteria (gram negative)

A

Y-proteobacteria- contains many human pathogens

43
Q

why is so much known about the gram negative proteobacteria and gram positive firmicutes?

A

they are easily cultured and grown in labs

44
Q

what needs to be studied to classify bacteria

A

the study of 16S rRNA.
FISH- fluorescent in situ hybridisation.

Different coloured oligonucleotides match diff 16s rRNA sequences. can identify the complexity of a bacterial group

45
Q

16s rRNA gene is

A

common in all bacteria, but varies slightly in its sequence between related species

46
Q

binary fission

A

a kind of asexual reproduction- fly grown parent cell splits into two halves- producing two new cells

47
Q

process of binary fission

A
  • cell elongation
  • septum formation
  • completion of septum; formation of walls and cell separation
48
Q

B.subtilis

A

no cell wall constriction in binary fission

49
Q

Caulobacter

A

no septum formation in binary fission

50
Q

obligate aerobes

A

bacteria can only grow in oxic zones (oxygen rich)

51
Q

anaerobes

A

can only grow in anoxic zones

52
Q

facultative aerobes

A

can grow in both oxic and anoxic conditions–> however higher conc of bacteria in oxygen rich areas

53
Q

microaerophiles

A

prefer to grow in more oxic zones

54
Q

aerotolerant

A

has no preference to oxic or anoxic environments

55
Q

segregation of genomes

A

facilitated by proteins MinC, D and E.

-MinE pushes C and D to the poles and acts as a signal for FtsZ

56
Q

what protein is essential in cell morphology

A

MreB–> thought to give rod shape and give bacterial cytoskeleton. Coccoid cells do not have MreB suggesting that this the default shape for a bacterium

57
Q

both mass and cell number increases as

A

generation time increases- exponential growth

58
Q

what is the most important factor affecting growth

A

temperature

e. g. as temp increases so does growth rate, until maximal rate and then protein denaturation; collapse of cytoplasmic membrane and thermal lysis
- -> due to ENZYMES having an optimum temo

59
Q

diff bacteria have different optimal temps

A

e.g. some grow best at temps below zero and others temps above 100

60
Q

psychrophiles

A

grow best at 4 degrees, but can grow at temps below 0. e.g. Polaromonas vacoulata

61
Q

mesophile

A

39 degrees e.g. E.coli

62
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

106 degrees e.g. Pyrolobus fumarii

Microbiology (25 decks)

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