past paper questions Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Bacteria resistant to chloramphenicol typically inactivate this antibiotic by which method?
A
acetylation
2
Q
monotrochous
A
single flagellum
3
Q
amphitrochous
A
single flagellum at either end
4
Q
lophotrichous
A
tufts of flagella at one end or at both ends
5
Q
peritrichous
A
flagella all over
6
Q
Which is the correct ranking of typical genome sizes?
A
vertebrates > fungi > mitochondria > free-living prokaryotes > viruses
7
Q
bacterial DNA is able to
A
replicate and proofread DNA at a rate of a 1000 nucleotides a second
8
Q
- Which of these microorganisms has the lowest infectious dose for humans?
a. Campylobacter jejuni
b. Francisella tularensis
c. Bacillus anthracis
d. Salmonella typhi
e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A
Francisella tularensis
9
Q
what do you stain endospores with
A
malachite green
10
Q
Alpha toxin from Clostridium perfringens is
A
a cytolytic toxin
11
Q
e.coli are
A
mesophiles
12
Q
Polaromonas vacuolata are
A
psychrophiles
13
Q
what are thermophiles
A
Geobazillus stearothermophilus’
14
Q
hyperthermophile
A
Thermococcus celere and Pyrolobus fumarii
15
Q
The aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH) gene encodes a protein that confers resistance to which of the following antibiotics?
a. tetracycline b. ampicillin c. kanamycin d. penicillin
e. isoniazid
A
kanamycin
16
Q
Dipicolinic acid is important in endospore formation. Which cation does it chelate in this process?
a. calcium
b. magnesium
c. sodium
d. manganese e. zinc
A
calcium
17
Q
bacillus thuringiensis
A
Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide.
18
Q
- Which of these species produce a parasporal crystal that is an insecticide?
a. Mycobacterium ulcerans
b. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
c. Clostridium perfringens d. Escherichia coli
e. Bacillus thuringiensis
A
e. Bacillus thuringiensis
19
Q
Successful heterotrophy in fungi is aided by which attribute
A
a large surface area to volume ratio
20
Q
Natural bioluminesence of fungi is
a. used by nematophagous fungi to attract their prey
b. anessentialpartofthereproductivelifecycle
c. commonly exploited in industry to monitor antibiotic production
d. baseduponluciferaseexpression
e. veryrare
A
based upon luciferase expression
21
Q
Natural bioluminesence of fungi is
a. used by nematophagous fungi to attract their prey
b. anessentialpartofthereproductivelifecycle
c. commonly exploited in industry to monitor antibiotic production
d. baseduponluciferaseexpression
e. veryrare
A
based upon luciferase expression
22
Q
Living part of a lichen or algae
A
Lichen, living partnership of a fungus and an alga (see Algae). The fungus component is called the mycobiont
23
Q
The fungal component of a lichen is often referred to as the
a. mycobiontpartner
b. opportunisticpartner
c. heterokont partner
d. mycorrhizal partner
e. hostpartner
A
mycobiont partner
24
Q
haustorium
A
In mycology it refers to the appendage or portion of a parasitic fungus (the hyphal tip) or of the root of a parasitic plant (such as the broomrape family or mistletoe) that penetrates the host’s tissue and draws nutrients from it. … Fungi in all major divisions form haustoria.
25
Which of the following is not an adaptive feature linked to effective basidiospore discharge?
a. Sterigmata
b. Hilar appendage
c. Buller’s Drop
d. Vertical gill plates
e. Haustoria
haustoria
26
White rot fungi can be exploited for pulp bleaching, processing of wines and the biotransformation of pharmaceuticals. This is due to their ability to
grow at 37 degrees
27
Which of the following is NOT a good target for antifungal drug therapy?
a. Ergosterol synthesis
b. DNAsynthesis
c. Chitin synthesis
d. Glucansynthesis
e. Peptidoglycansynthesis
peptidoglycan synthesis
28
what do fungi and eukarya not have in their cell walls
peptidoglycan
29
29. Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT? Fungi such as the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune that require both A and B factors for successful mating are
a. bifactorial
b. tetrapolar
c. heterothallic
d. predominantlyoutcrossing e. bipolar
bipolar
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34. Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba and microsporidia were once united as
a. Opisthokonts.
b. Parasites.
c. Excavates.
d. Archezoa.
e. Stramenopiles.
archezoa
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35. Which of the following organisms are unikonts?
a. Plants.
b. Fungi.
c. Excavates. d. Cercozoa. e. Eubacteria.
fungi/ animals
32
36. The chromalveolates are united via a. their mode of infection.
b. their life-style.
c. the unikont.
d. primary endosymbiosis.
e. secondary endosymbiosis
secondary endosymbiosis
33
chromalveolates
Chromalveolata was proposed to represent the organisms descended from a single secondary endosymbiosis involving a red alga and a bikont.[4] The plastids in these organisms are those that contain chlorophyll c.
34
plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic alveolates, many of which cause malaria in their hosts.[1] The parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle: a Dipteran insect host and a vertebrate host. Sexual reproduction always occurs in the insect, making it the definitive host.[2]
35
37. Why are herbicides effective against Plasmodium? This parasite is not a green plant!
a. Because plants and Plasmodium share a common ancestor.
b. Plasmodium is a basal member of the Plantae.
c. The apicoplast contains the haem biosynthetic pathway, the target pathway of herbicides.
d. The malaria parasite contains secondary plastids and is therefore ‘partly plant-like’.
e. Herbicides such as fosmidomycin affect Plasmodium’s cell division.
The apicoplast contains the haem biosynthetic pathway, the target pathway of herbicides.
36
where are apicoplasts found and what are they targeted by
found in plasmodium (malaria) - targeted by herbicides
37
apicoplasts
An apicoplast is a derived non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa, including malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum
functions in fatty acid and heme synthesis
38
38. Organisms that move through bulk cytoplasmic shifts are
a. animals. b. plants.
c. flagellates. d. ciliates.
e. amoebae.
amoebae
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ciliates
move due to being covered in cilia
40
flagellates
move due to flagellum
41
amoebae
move via bulk cytoplasmic shifting
42
40. The mitochondrial genome of Reclimonas americana
a. is the smallest known mitochondrial genome and a testament to its evolutionary age.
b. is the largest known mitochondrial genome and is evidence for a unique mitochondrial founder event.
c. is extremely intron rich and very similar to a prokaryotic genome.
d. is non-existant as Reclimonas has no mitochondria.
e. has fewer genes than a human mitochondrial genome as Reclimonas is a protist.
is extremely intron rich and very similar to a prokaryotic genome
43
39. Excavates is a group of protists that
a. share a well-defined set of morphological features. b. is not suported by a single molecular tree.
c. have a longitudinal groove to collect food particles. d. are heterotrophic flagellates.
e. is best described by Plasmodium falciparum.
have a longitudinal groove to collect food particles
44
3. Which of the below is a component of an Archaeal phospholipid?
a. Phytanyl
b. Isopropanol
c. Ethanol
d. Palmitic acid
e. DNA gyrase
isopropanol
45
4. DNA released from a cell is taken up by another competent cell that lacks this DNA. This process is termed
a. b. c. d. e.
Conjugation Transduction Transformation Recombination Plasmid transfer
transformation
46
10. Archezoa are
a. Members of the Amoebozoa
b. Old animals
c. Protists without mitochondria
d. Human parasites
e. A supergroup
protists without mitochondria
47
11. The presence of large canines in European and South American sabretooths is an example of
a. Parallel evolution
b. Convergent evolution
c. Secondary loss
d. Monophyly
e. Gene duplication
parallel evolution
48
14. Chromalveolates include
a. Apicomplexans
b. Dinoflagellates
c. Ciliates
d. Haptophytes
e. All of the above
all of them
49
Primal Amoebic Meningoencephalitis is caused by:
a. Naegleria fowleri
b. Naegleria gruberi
c. Trichomonas vaginalis
d. Entamoeba histolytica
e. Reclimonas americana
Naegleria fowleri
50
25. Which of the following statements about the Chytridiomycota are correct?
i. Chytrid sporangia may contain an operculum
ii. Chytrids only produce monocentric thalli
iii. Chytrids are vectors of some viral diseases
iv. Chytrids synthesise lysine via the diaminopimelic acid pathway
a. i. and ii. correct
b. i. and iii. correct
c. ii. and iii. correct
d. ii. and iv. correct
e. All statements are correct
b. they can have an operculum and can be vectors of viral diseases in plants
51
gram negative bacteria are more likely to be
pathogenic
52
chytrids have been shown to be
vectors for some plants viruses
53
in chytridiomycota lysine is synthesises by
alpha-aminoadipic acid cycle and not via the diaminopimelic cycle
54
26. What phylum does the fungus infecting the fly depicted below belong to?
a. Ascomycota
b. Basidiomycota
c. Chytridiomycota
d. Glomerulomycota
e. Zygomycota
zygomycota
55
27. The monomeric subunits found in the fungal cell wall component chitin are
a. D-Glucose
b. N-acetylglucosamine
c. Peptidoglycan
d. Beta-Glucan
e. Alpha-Glucan
N-acetylglucosamine
56
what is chitin made up of
long chains of N-acetylglucosamine- a glucose derivative
57
28. The contact response between a hypha and its substrate is referred to as
a. Autotropism
b. Chemotropism
c. Galvanotropism
d. Thigmotropism
e. Polarization
thigmotropism
58
thigmotropism
the contact response between a hypha and its substrate
59
chemotropism
fungal chemotropism defined as the ability of hyphae to sense and grow towards chemical gradients.
60
galvanotropism
ability of a fungi to grow towards electrical currents
61
39. Phialides are important spore bearing structures in fungi, they give rise to …
a. ascospores
b. basidiospores
c. conidiospores
d. sporangiospores
e. zygospores
conidiospores
62
dikaryon
a fungal cell which has precisely 2 genetically distinct but allelically compatible nuclei
63
heterokaryon
is a gernal term, whereas dikaryon is a specific term
64
38. The common edible field mushroom Agaricus campestris is a member of the …
a. Ascomycota
b. Basidiomycota
c. Chytridiomycota
d. Glomerulomyota
e. Microsporidia
basidiomycota
65
biotrophs
fungi which can form an intimite parasitic relationship association with their host without killing them- when haustorium are formed
66
true fungi do not have
cellulose in their cell walls
67
process of formation of a spore from a monokaryon
monokaryon (n) --> plasmogeny --> dikaryon (n+n) ---> karygamy (nuclear fusion) -->2n --> meiosis--> spore (n)
68
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11) Ascomycota
A. Form the largest phylum of fungi
B. Contain filamentous fungi and yeast
C. Have members that have no known sexual cycle
D. All of the above
```
all of the above
69
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12) Who did NOT win a Nobel prize for their work on fungi?
A. Beadle and Tatum
B. Hartwell and Nurse
C. Hawking
D. Hodgkin
```
hodgkin
70
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13) Penicillin
A. Is a fungus
B. Is a beta-lactam antibiotic
C. Is a compound made in primary metabolism
D. Kills protozoa
```
is a beta act antibiotic
71
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19) The Egyptian pyramids are made from
A. Haptophyte coccoliths
B. Diatomaceous earth
C. Numelite sandstone
D. Phaeocystis foam
```
diatomaceous earth
72
20) Phycobilisomes are photosynthetic complexes used by
A. Rhodophytes, chlorophytes and cyanobacteria
B. Rhodophytes, chlorophytes and glaucocystophytes
C. Rhodophytes, glaucocystophytes and cyanobacteria
D. Chlorophytes, glaucocystophytes and cyanobacteria
c
rhodophytes, glaucocystophytes and cyanobacteria
73
28) The Archezoa theory was discredited because
A. All the organisms belonging to the Archezoa were shown to contain mitochondria
B. Chromalveolates were an artificial assemblage of chromists and alveolates
C. Ribosomal RNA trees showed that Archezoa were all basal branches in the eukaryotic tree
D. It was not compatible with the serial endosymbiosis theory
not compatible with serial endosymbiosis theory
74
32) The phylum Basidiomycota contains which of the following?
i. Athletes’ foot fungus Trichophyton rubrum
ii. Late blight of potato Phytophthora infestans
iii. Rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
iv. Wheat stem rust Puccinia graminis
A. i and iii
B. i, ii, iii and iv
C. i, iii and iv
D. iv
just Puccini graminis
75
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36) Which of the following is an aminoglycoside?
A. Kanamycin
B. Tetracycline
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Amoxicillin
```
kanamycin
76
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39) BCG is an example of a
A. Live attenuated recombinant vaccine
B. Subunit vaccine
C. Recombinant subunit vaccine
D. DNA vaccine
```
live attenuated recombinant
77
BCG
e.g. tuberculosis- vaccine is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
78
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8) Chytrids
A. Are simple aquatic fungi
B. Have chitin in their cell walls
C. Produce zoospores with one flagellum
D. All of the above
```
all of the above
79
15) The five kingdom classification is
A. A proper reflection of the diversity of eukaryotes
B. Incorrect as there are now six eukaryotic kingdoms
C. Incorrect as it did not properly capture true eukaryotic diversity and has
been superseded by the six eukaryotic supergroups
D. Correct because the Chromalveolates are an artificial assemblage and the
Kingdom Chromista is much better
c
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2) Fosmidomycin and its derivatives are used to exploit what in Plasmodium?
A. The plant-specific haem biochemical pathway
B. The plant-specific fatty acid synthesis pathway
C. The plant-specific DXP isoprenoid pathway
D. The animal-specific mevalonate isoprenoid pathway
the plant specific DXP isoprenoid pathway
