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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria resistant to chloramphenicol typically inactivate this antibiotic by which method?

A

acetylation

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2
Q

monotrochous

A

single flagellum

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3
Q

amphitrochous

A

single flagellum at either end

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4
Q

lophotrichous

A

tufts of flagella at one end or at both ends

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5
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella all over

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6
Q

Which is the correct ranking of typical genome sizes?

A

vertebrates > fungi > mitochondria > free-living prokaryotes > viruses

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7
Q

bacterial DNA is able to

A

replicate and proofread DNA at a rate of a 1000 nucleotides a second

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8
Q
  1. Which of these microorganisms has the lowest infectious dose for humans?
    a. Campylobacter jejuni
    b. Francisella tularensis
    c. Bacillus anthracis
    d. Salmonella typhi
    e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A

Francisella tularensis

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9
Q

what do you stain endospores with

A

malachite green

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10
Q

Alpha toxin from Clostridium perfringens is

A

a cytolytic toxin

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11
Q

e.coli are

A

mesophiles

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12
Q

Polaromonas vacuolata are

A

psychrophiles

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13
Q

what are thermophiles

A

Geobazillus stearothermophilus’

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14
Q

hyperthermophile

A

Thermococcus celere and Pyrolobus fumarii

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15
Q

The aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH) gene encodes a protein that confers resistance to which of the following antibiotics?

a. tetracycline b. ampicillin c. kanamycin d. penicillin
e. isoniazid

A

kanamycin

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16
Q

Dipicolinic acid is important in endospore formation. Which cation does it chelate in this process?

a. calcium
b. magnesium
c. sodium
d. manganese e. zinc

A

calcium

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17
Q

bacillus thuringiensis

A

Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide.

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18
Q
  1. Which of these species produce a parasporal crystal that is an insecticide?
    a. Mycobacterium ulcerans
    b. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
    c. Clostridium perfringens d. Escherichia coli
    e. Bacillus thuringiensis
A

e. Bacillus thuringiensis

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19
Q

Successful heterotrophy in fungi is aided by which attribute

A

a large surface area to volume ratio

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20
Q

Natural bioluminesence of fungi is

a. used by nematophagous fungi to attract their prey
b. anessentialpartofthereproductivelifecycle
c. commonly exploited in industry to monitor antibiotic production
d. baseduponluciferaseexpression
e. veryrare

A

based upon luciferase expression

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21
Q

Natural bioluminesence of fungi is

a. used by nematophagous fungi to attract their prey
b. anessentialpartofthereproductivelifecycle
c. commonly exploited in industry to monitor antibiotic production
d. baseduponluciferaseexpression
e. veryrare

A

based upon luciferase expression

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22
Q

Living part of a lichen or algae

A

Lichen, living partnership of a fungus and an alga (see Algae). The fungus component is called the mycobiont

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23
Q

The fungal component of a lichen is often referred to as the

a. mycobiontpartner
b. opportunisticpartner
c. heterokont partner
d. mycorrhizal partner
e. hostpartner

A

mycobiont partner

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24
Q

haustorium

A

In mycology it refers to the appendage or portion of a parasitic fungus (the hyphal tip) or of the root of a parasitic plant (such as the broomrape family or mistletoe) that penetrates the host’s tissue and draws nutrients from it. … Fungi in all major divisions form haustoria.

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25
Q

Which of the following is not an adaptive feature linked to effective basidiospore discharge?

a. Sterigmata
b. Hilar appendage
c. Buller’s Drop
d. Vertical gill plates
e. Haustoria

A

haustoria

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26
Q

White rot fungi can be exploited for pulp bleaching, processing of wines and the biotransformation of pharmaceuticals. This is due to their ability to

A

grow at 37 degrees

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27
Q

Which of the following is NOT a good target for antifungal drug therapy?

a. Ergosterol synthesis
b. DNAsynthesis
c. Chitin synthesis
d. Glucansynthesis
e. Peptidoglycansynthesis

A

peptidoglycan synthesis

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28
Q

what do fungi and eukarya not have in their cell walls

A

peptidoglycan

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29
Q
  1. Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT? Fungi such as the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune that require both A and B factors for successful mating are
    a. bifactorial
    b. tetrapolar
    c. heterothallic
    d. predominantlyoutcrossing e. bipolar
A

bipolar

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30
Q
  1. Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba and microsporidia were once united as
    a. Opisthokonts.
    b. Parasites.
    c. Excavates.
    d. Archezoa.
    e. Stramenopiles.
A

archezoa

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31
Q
  1. Which of the following organisms are unikonts?
    a. Plants.
    b. Fungi.
    c. Excavates. d. Cercozoa. e. Eubacteria.
A

fungi/ animals

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32
Q
  1. The chromalveolates are united via a. their mode of infection.
    b. their life-style.
    c. the unikont.
    d. primary endosymbiosis.
    e. secondary endosymbiosis
A

secondary endosymbiosis

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33
Q

chromalveolates

A

Chromalveolata was proposed to represent the organisms descended from a single secondary endosymbiosis involving a red alga and a bikont.[4] The plastids in these organisms are those that contain chlorophyll c.

34
Q

plasmodium

A

Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic alveolates, many of which cause malaria in their hosts.[1] The parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle: a Dipteran insect host and a vertebrate host. Sexual reproduction always occurs in the insect, making it the definitive host.[2]

35
Q
  1. Why are herbicides effective against Plasmodium? This parasite is not a green plant!
    a. Because plants and Plasmodium share a common ancestor.
    b. Plasmodium is a basal member of the Plantae.
    c. The apicoplast contains the haem biosynthetic pathway, the target pathway of herbicides.
    d. The malaria parasite contains secondary plastids and is therefore ‘partly plant-like’.
    e. Herbicides such as fosmidomycin affect Plasmodium’s cell division.
A

The apicoplast contains the haem biosynthetic pathway, the target pathway of herbicides.

36
Q

where are apicoplasts found and what are they targeted by

A

found in plasmodium (malaria) - targeted by herbicides

37
Q

apicoplasts

A

An apicoplast is a derived non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa, including malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum

functions in fatty acid and heme synthesis

38
Q
  1. Organisms that move through bulk cytoplasmic shifts are
    a. animals. b. plants.
    c. flagellates. d. ciliates.
    e. amoebae.
A

amoebae

39
Q

ciliates

A

move due to being covered in cilia

40
Q

flagellates

A

move due to flagellum

41
Q

amoebae

A

move via bulk cytoplasmic shifting

42
Q
  1. The mitochondrial genome of Reclimonas americana
    a. is the smallest known mitochondrial genome and a testament to its evolutionary age.
    b. is the largest known mitochondrial genome and is evidence for a unique mitochondrial founder event.
    c. is extremely intron rich and very similar to a prokaryotic genome.
    d. is non-existant as Reclimonas has no mitochondria.
    e. has fewer genes than a human mitochondrial genome as Reclimonas is a protist.
A

is extremely intron rich and very similar to a prokaryotic genome

43
Q
  1. Excavates is a group of protists that
    a. share a well-defined set of morphological features. b. is not suported by a single molecular tree.
    c. have a longitudinal groove to collect food particles. d. are heterotrophic flagellates.
    e. is best described by Plasmodium falciparum.
A

have a longitudinal groove to collect food particles

44
Q
  1. Which of the below is a component of an Archaeal phospholipid?
    a. Phytanyl
    b. Isopropanol
    c. Ethanol
    d. Palmitic acid
    e. DNA gyrase
A

isopropanol

45
Q
  1. DNA released from a cell is taken up by another competent cell that lacks this DNA. This process is termed
    a. b. c. d. e.
    Conjugation Transduction Transformation Recombination Plasmid transfer
A

transformation

46
Q
  1. Archezoa are
    a. Members of the Amoebozoa
    b. Old animals
    c. Protists without mitochondria
    d. Human parasites
    e. A supergroup
A

protists without mitochondria

47
Q
  1. The presence of large canines in European and South American sabretooths is an example of
    a. Parallel evolution
    b. Convergent evolution
    c. Secondary loss
    d. Monophyly
    e. Gene duplication
A

parallel evolution

48
Q
  1. Chromalveolates include
    a. Apicomplexans
    b. Dinoflagellates
    c. Ciliates
    d. Haptophytes
    e. All of the above
A

all of them

49
Q

Primal Amoebic Meningoencephalitis is caused by:

a. Naegleria fowleri
b. Naegleria gruberi
c. Trichomonas vaginalis
d. Entamoeba histolytica
e. Reclimonas americana

A

Naegleria fowleri

50
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about the Chytridiomycota are correct?
    i. Chytrid sporangia may contain an operculum
    ii. Chytrids only produce monocentric thalli
    iii. Chytrids are vectors of some viral diseases
    iv. Chytrids synthesise lysine via the diaminopimelic acid pathway
    a. i. and ii. correct
    b. i. and iii. correct
    c. ii. and iii. correct
    d. ii. and iv. correct
    e. All statements are correct
A

b. they can have an operculum and can be vectors of viral diseases in plants

51
Q

gram negative bacteria are more likely to be

A

pathogenic

52
Q

chytrids have been shown to be

A

vectors for some plants viruses

53
Q

in chytridiomycota lysine is synthesises by

A

alpha-aminoadipic acid cycle and not via the diaminopimelic cycle

54
Q
  1. What phylum does the fungus infecting the fly depicted below belong to?
    a. Ascomycota
    b. Basidiomycota
    c. Chytridiomycota
    d. Glomerulomycota
    e. Zygomycota
A

zygomycota

55
Q
  1. The monomeric subunits found in the fungal cell wall component chitin are
    a. D-Glucose
    b. N-acetylglucosamine
    c. Peptidoglycan
    d. Beta-Glucan
    e. Alpha-Glucan
A

N-acetylglucosamine

56
Q

what is chitin made up of

A

long chains of N-acetylglucosamine- a glucose derivative

57
Q
  1. The contact response between a hypha and its substrate is referred to as
    a. Autotropism
    b. Chemotropism
    c. Galvanotropism
    d. Thigmotropism
    e. Polarization
A

thigmotropism

58
Q

thigmotropism

A

the contact response between a hypha and its substrate

59
Q

chemotropism

A

fungal chemotropism defined as the ability of hyphae to sense and grow towards chemical gradients.

60
Q

galvanotropism

A

ability of a fungi to grow towards electrical currents

61
Q
  1. Phialides are important spore bearing structures in fungi, they give rise to …
    a. ascospores
    b. basidiospores
    c. conidiospores
    d. sporangiospores
    e. zygospores
A

conidiospores

62
Q

dikaryon

A

a fungal cell which has precisely 2 genetically distinct but allelically compatible nuclei

63
Q

heterokaryon

A

is a gernal term, whereas dikaryon is a specific term

64
Q
  1. The common edible field mushroom Agaricus campestris is a member of the …
    a. Ascomycota
    b. Basidiomycota
    c. Chytridiomycota
    d. Glomerulomyota
    e. Microsporidia
A

basidiomycota

65
Q

biotrophs

A

fungi which can form an intimite parasitic relationship association with their host without killing them- when haustorium are formed

66
Q

true fungi do not have

A

cellulose in their cell walls

67
Q

process of formation of a spore from a monokaryon

A

monokaryon (n) –> plasmogeny –> dikaryon (n+n) —> karygamy (nuclear fusion) –>2n –> meiosis–> spore (n)

68
Q 
11) Ascomycota
A. Form the largest phylum of fungi
B. Contain filamentous fungi and yeast
C. Have members that have no known sexual cycle
D. All of the above
A

all of the above

69
Q 
12) Who did NOT win a Nobel prize for their work on fungi?
A. Beadle and Tatum
B. Hartwell and Nurse
C. Hawking
D. Hodgkin
A

hodgkin

70
Q 
13) Penicillin
A. Is a fungus
B. Is a beta-lactam antibiotic
C. Is a compound made in primary metabolism
D. Kills protozoa
A

is a beta act antibiotic

71
Q 
19) The Egyptian pyramids are made from
A. Haptophyte coccoliths
B. Diatomaceous earth
C. Numelite sandstone
D. Phaeocystis foam
A

diatomaceous earth

72
Q

20) Phycobilisomes are photosynthetic complexes used by
A. Rhodophytes, chlorophytes and cyanobacteria
B. Rhodophytes, chlorophytes and glaucocystophytes
C. Rhodophytes, glaucocystophytes and cyanobacteria
D. Chlorophytes, glaucocystophytes and cyanobacteria

A

c

rhodophytes, glaucocystophytes and cyanobacteria

73
Q

28) The Archezoa theory was discredited because
A. All the organisms belonging to the Archezoa were shown to contain mitochondria
B. Chromalveolates were an artificial assemblage of chromists and alveolates
C. Ribosomal RNA trees showed that Archezoa were all basal branches in the eukaryotic tree
D. It was not compatible with the serial endosymbiosis theory

A

not compatible with serial endosymbiosis theory

74
Q

32) The phylum Basidiomycota contains which of the following?
i. Athletes’ foot fungus Trichophyton rubrum
ii. Late blight of potato Phytophthora infestans
iii. Rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
iv. Wheat stem rust Puccinia graminis
A. i and iii
B. i, ii, iii and iv
C. i, iii and iv
D. iv

A

just Puccini graminis

75
Q 
36) Which of the following is an aminoglycoside?
A. Kanamycin
B. Tetracycline
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Amoxicillin
A

kanamycin

76
Q 
39) BCG is an example of a
A. Live attenuated recombinant vaccine
B. Subunit vaccine
C. Recombinant subunit vaccine
D. DNA vaccine
A

live attenuated recombinant

77
Q

BCG

A

e.g. tuberculosis- vaccine is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

78
Q 
8) Chytrids
A. Are simple aquatic fungi
B. Have chitin in their cell walls
C. Produce zoospores with one flagellum
D. All of the above
A

all of the above

79
Q

15) The five kingdom classification is
A. A proper reflection of the diversity of eukaryotes
B. Incorrect as there are now six eukaryotic kingdoms
C. Incorrect as it did not properly capture true eukaryotic diversity and has
been superseded by the six eukaryotic supergroups
D. Correct because the Chromalveolates are an artificial assemblage and the
Kingdom Chromista is much better

A

c

80
Q

2) Fosmidomycin and its derivatives are used to exploit what in Plasmodium?
A. The plant-specific haem biochemical pathway
B. The plant-specific fatty acid synthesis pathway
C. The plant-specific DXP isoprenoid pathway
D. The animal-specific mevalonate isoprenoid pathway

A

the plant specific DXP isoprenoid pathway

Microbiology (25 decks)

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