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Microbiology > Fungi- intro > Flashcards

Fungi- intro Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

fungi roles

A
  • recyclers
  • provide us with food
  • medicines
  • enzymes
  • model organisms
  • villains of crop disease
  • villains of wild life disease
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2
Q

food production needs to

A

double within the next 50 years - challenge to food security

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3
Q

challenges to food security include

A

water crisis, energy costs, land degradation, political conditions, climate change, pests and pathogens

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4
Q

fungi are the biggest threat to

A

global food security out of all microorganisms

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5
Q

where are pathogens moving

A

polewards in a warming world. also an increasing number at high latitudes
–> mean shift of 3km per year, since 1960

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6
Q

5 most devastating crop pathogens

A

wheat stem rust, rice blast, potato late bought, corn smut, soybean rust

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7
Q

annual loss due to these pathogens is sufficient to feed

A

600-4,000 million people per year

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8
Q

which fungal disease is the most devastating int he EJ

A

Zymoseptoria tritici

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9
Q

Zymoseptoria tritici is

A

fungicide resistance

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10
Q

fungi threaten ecosystem

A

resilience

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11
Q

Ash dieback, UK

A

80 million ash trees in the UK. Fungus ‘arrived’ in 2012. Over 1000 sites infected (2017). Only 2% of ash trees remain in areas of int and east anglia

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12
Q

medical mycoses e.g.

A

Trichophyton rubrum –> fungal nail disease

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13
Q

microbes dominant

A

earths biodiversity

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14
Q

guns can range from

A

single cells to enormous chains of cells that can stretch for miles.

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15
Q

methods of microbiology

A

microscopy, sterilisation, pure culture methods and molecular biology

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16
Q

confocal microscopy (AFM and NMR)

A

specificity, resolution and lice ell imagery

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17
Q

sterilisation and axenic culture

A

using autoclaves and microbiological filters

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18
Q

hypothesis for the origin of life

A

RNA world–> RNA was first form of genetics and then DNA took over because it was more stable

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19
Q

how many species

A

10+ million to a trillion species

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20
Q

how many known species

A

1.5 million

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21
Q

how many new species name a year

A

7- 10,000 new species

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22
Q

99% of all species that have been on earth are

A

extinct

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23
Q

how many microbes

A

100 billion to 1 trillion

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24
Q

microbes adapt to their environment resulting in

A

diversity

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25
Q

way of classifying microbial diversity (4)

A

morphological diversity, metabolic diversity, ecological diversity, genetic diversity

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26
Q

morpholigical

A

key advance being microscopy

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27
Q

metabolic diversity

A

biochemical and0 key advance being enzymeology

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28
Q

ecological diversity

A

e.g. extremophiles

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29
Q

genetic diversity

A

key advances- molecular biology, genome comparisons

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30
Q

halophile

A

microorganisms which can live in extremes of salinity

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31
Q

acidophile

A

microorganism which live in very acidic conditions

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32
Q

alkaliphile

A

microorganism which live in very alkaline conditions

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33
Q

barophile

A

microorganisms which live under extreme pressure

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34
Q

what allows for construction of molecular phylogenetic trees

A

alterations in DNA sequence

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35
Q

morphological diversity is sufficient for

A

distinguishing prokaryotic/eukaryotic and some obvious prokaryotic differences - metabolic differences can help to further distinguish

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36
Q

metabolic diversity- biochemical differences

A

1) energy source

2) carbon source

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37
Q

organic

A

heterotrophs

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38
Q

CO2

A

autotrophs

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39
Q

early models of phylogeny

A

2 kingdom model –> 5 kingdom model

40
Q

5 kingdoms

A

plantae, fungi, animalia, protista, monera

41
Q

why is rRNA an excellent chonometer

A

highly conserved and functionally constant

42
Q

carl woese

A

sequences the 16s RNA from a broad array of microorganisms. 16s sufficient not to see many changes through evolution.

43
Q

ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and phylogeny

A

1) ure culture and cells are lysed and dna isolated
2) gene encoding ribosomal RNA is isolated and amplified by PCR
3) amplified rRNA gene is sequenced
4) obtained sequences aligned by computer –> airways comparisons –> into tree of life
5) tree depicts differences in rRNA sequence between organisms

44
Q

on the tree of life, the length of the line is proportional to

A

evolutionary distance

45
Q

carl worse -rRNA analysis of methanogens

A

worse compared rRNA in bacteria and eukaryotes and produced association coefficients

46
Q

according to Woese how similar and diff were euk and bacteria

A

0.3 similar and 0.8 diff

47
Q

subunits of RNA polymerase in bacteria

A

4 subunits αββ’ð

48
Q

subunits in eukarya RNA polymerase

A

101-2 subunits

49
Q

what suggests archaea translation is more like eukarya than bacteria

A

inhibitors

50
Q

order of classification

A 
Domain
Kindgom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
51
Q

fundamental differences in archael membrane

A

1) linkage of hydrophobic side chains
2) type of side chain

e. g. ester linkage bonds fatty acid to glycerol
- isoprene ins

52
Q

ether linkage bonds side chain to

A

glycerol

53
Q

how many subgroups in Archaea

A

2

54
Q

2 groups of archaea

A

1) hyperthermophils- grow at higher temps

2) methanogens and extreme halophiles and acidophiles

55
Q

archaea

A

16s

56
Q

eukarya

A

18s

57
Q

early branching in eukarya lack

A

mitochondria and other eukaryotic organelles

58
Q

many early branching eukaryotes (protozoans) are

A

pathogenic parasite of humans (giardia, trichomonas)

59
Q

though that Euk mitochondria and chloroplasts..

A

evolved from bacteria

60
Q

those cells lacking mitochondria probably

A

lost rather than never acquired

61
Q

early problems of tree of life

A
  • is rRNA the complete story

- archaeal type gene encoding an enzyme would appear in bacteria

62
Q

where does horizontal gene transfer occur more often?

A

prokaryotes

63
Q

96% of all landplants

A

live in association with fungi –> mycorrhiza

64
Q

fungi can grow in very toxic conditions and can remove..

A

metals and radioisotopes from solution

–> even uranium

65
Q

Paul nurse

A

used the fungus fission yeast to investigate cell cycle

66
Q

one-third of all AIDS associated with

A

death

67
Q

humans and fungi

A

-more of a threat to immuno-comprimised and less of a threat than bacteria and viruses

68
Q

plants and fungi

A

greater treat than nematodes, bacteria and viruses

69
Q

morphology gives..

A

5 kingdoms: bacteria, protists, plants, fungi and animals

70
Q

molecular data gives

A

3 domains: bacteria, archaea, eucarya

71
Q

fungi are more closely related to..

A

animals than plants

72
Q

fungal taxonomy

A 
Domain- Eukarya
Kingdom- Fungi
Phylum- mycota
subphylum- mycotina
Class- mycoses
Order- ales
family- aceae
Genus.. print in italics
Species.. print in italics
73
Q

unicellular growth

A

yeast

74
Q

filamentous growth

A

tip growth of filaments hyphae giving rise to mycelium

75
Q

dimorphic fungi

A

Blostomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, Paracoccidioides, sporothrix

76
Q

what decided whether a dimorphic fungi will take the unicellular or filamentous form

A

if it is grown in vitro (25 degrees) or in vivo (37)

77
Q

fungi absorb

A

externally digested nutrients (animals engulf/ plants photosynthesise)

78
Q

how do fungi absorb nutrients for growth

A

secrete enzymes through wall, absorb soluble nutrients through wall

79
Q

fungal wall is made up of

A

chitina and glucans

80
Q

fungal membrane

A

ergosterol (in animals- cholesterol)

81
Q

what are storage compounds in fungus

A

mannitol, trehalose and glycogen

82
Q

nuclei in fungi

A

haploid

83
Q

which group shows that fungi and animals are closely related

A

Opisthokonts

84
Q

Opisthokonts

A

are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms

85
Q

what does opisthokonts mean

A

means “posterior flagellum’. All true fungi, chytrids, microsporidia, collar-flagellated protists and kingdom animalia

86
Q

where are fungi thought to have diverged from

A

water moulds- oomycetes

87
Q

fungal evolution

A
  1. fungi diverged from oomycetes
  2. formed aseptate filaments
  3. septa
  4. clamp connections in basidiomycetes
  5. asexual spores
  6. asci- sexual spores
  7. fruiting bodies
  8. holobasidum
  9. mushroom fungi
88
Q

fungal phyla (6 or 7)

A

Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, (microsporidia)

89
Q

fungi and microsporidia are

A

closely related

90
Q

microsporidia

A

obligate intracellular pathogens. infect animals and insects. smallest of all eukaryotes, unicellular spores.

91
Q

how many microspordia species infect humans

A

14–> causing diarrhoea, eye, muscular, respiratory and genitourinary infections

92
Q

microsporidia lack

A

mitochondria, peroxisomes, centrioles

93
Q

which prokaryotic features does microsporidia have

A

70s ribosomes and sues 5.8s and 28s rRNA

94
Q

fungal features of microsporidia

A

nuclear division, within an intact nuclear membrane, terhalose, chitin cell wall

95
Q

6 main parts of the fungal kingdom

A 
Chyridbiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Lichens
Basidiomycota

Microbiology (25 decks)

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