fungal biotechnology

Question 1

fleming and antibiotics

Answer 1

1929

Question 2

1942

Answer 2

ne-gene one- enzyme hypothesis in Neurospora crassa

Question 3

recombinant DNA/ transformation

Answer 3

1987

Question 4

2000

Answer 4

‘-omics’

Question 5

dissection of yeast life cycle

Answer 5

Saccharmoyces cervisiae Schizosaccaromyces pombe.

-2001 nobel prize for medicine to Hartnell and Nurse

Question 6

B-lactum antibiotics

Answer 6

penicillium spp- nobel prizes for fleming, florey and hain for penicillin and Dorothy Hodgkin for crystal structure

Question 7

major tools for classical genetics

Answer 7

• ease of growth
• short life cycles
• most are haploid
• many have a sexual stage
• produce asexual spores that can be used or stored in bulk
• fungi serve as good models for biochemical studies
• simple nutrient requirements

Question 8

biotechnological, fungi are..

Answer 8

• versatile metabolically
• form hyphae network/mycelium
• show polarised growth
• most important are ascomycete and certain basidiomycetes and zygomycete nucor spp

Question 9

Neurospora crassa

Answer 9

is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota. The genus name, meaning “nerve spore” refers to the characteristic striations on the spores.

• conidium
• hyphae
• mycelium
• colony

Question 10

why is Neurospora crassa a model organism

Answer 10

N. crassa is used as a model organism because it is easy to grow and has a haploid life cycle that makes genetic analysis simple since recessive traits will show up in the offspring.

Question 11

N. crassa show a

Answer 11

heterothallic life cycle

Question 12

Heterothallic fungi

Answer 12

require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores

Question 13

neurospora species are all

Answer 13

haploid

Question 14

the various species of Neurospora show one of three different life cycles called

Answer 14

heterothallic, homothallic or pseudohomothallic

Question 15

within each ascus of the N.crassa

Answer 15

there are 8 ascospores

-Ascospores germinate and produce hyphae resulting in colonies exactly like those produced by asexual spores.

Question 16

homothallic fungi

Answer 16

which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism- due to having all the resources needed to reproduce sexually e.g. having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus. the opp sexual functions are performed by different cells of a single mycelium

Question 17

Perithecium of Neurospore

Answer 17

a round or flask shaped fruiting body with a pore through which the spore are discharged

Question 18

a fungus suitable for industrial use must be able to

Answer 18

1 Spore easily
2 grow rapidly and form product in large-scale culture
3 produce the desired product in a relatively short period of time
4 grow in a relatively inexpensive nutrient in bulk quantities
5 not be pathogenic
Amenable to genetic manipulation

Question 19

the fungal “players”

Answer 19

• Aspergillus niger
• Aspergillus oryzae
• Penicillium chrysogenum
• Cephalosporium acremonium
• Rhizopus spp
• Mucor spp

Question 20

how can fungi be used in metabolism

Answer 20

as primary (organic acids) or secondary metabolites (enzymes, B-lactam antibiotics)

Question 21

celluloyti fungi

Answer 21

trichoderma reesei, Penicillium pinophilum, Acremonium spp

Question 22

Acremonium spp

Answer 22

fermentable sugars ad ethanol. Paper and pulp industry, textile industry, animal feed, biofuels.

Question 23

Soju process

Answer 23

Apergillus oryzae to make soy sauce from soybeans and what or sake from rice in japan

Question 24

fungal products: organic acids

Answer 24

• citric acid
• iraconic acid.. asbestos substitute
• fumaric acid.. food additive

Question 25

Aspergillus niger can be use to produce

Answer 25

citric acid by filamentous fungi

Question 26

Citric acid and food industry

Answer 26

70%

- Used in flavouring of carbonated beverages, jams, jellies, candy, wine and canned foods

Question 27

Pharmaceutical industry and citric acid

Answer 27

20%

-effervescent tablets and blood anticoagulants

Question 28

chemical industry and citric acid

Answer 28

0%

-cleaning oxides from boilers, nuclear reactors, pH control agents, household detergents