mating in filamentous ascomycota Flashcards

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1
Q

a typical ascus contains

A

8 ascospores

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2
Q

operculum

A

at the tip of the ascus where the spores are released from

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3
Q

what controls the mating process of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

a complex genetic locus called MAT at which two linked genes are located

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4
Q

which two linked genes are located at MAT a complex genetic locus which controls mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

a1,a2 for mating type a and alpha 1 and alpha2 for mating type alpha

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5
Q

MATa locus encodes for

A

a1 and a2 polypeptides, the messengers for which are transcribed in opposite direction.

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6
Q

a and alpha

A

join to produce a zygote from two septette ascomycota

- in one ascomycota there will be genes for a and in others gene for alpha

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7
Q

basidiomycetes have..

A

thousands of sexes

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8
Q

name some of the sexes of basidiomycetes

A

Homothalic (self fertile), heterthalic (partner required), monjaryon (uninucleate haploid), homokaryon (uni-or multi-nucleate haploid (n)_, dikaryon ( binucleate haploid (n+n)), heaterokaryon (multinucleate (n +n)), diploid (2n).

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9
Q

homothallic

A

self fetile

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10
Q

heterothallic

A

sex requires a partner

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11
Q

monjarygon

A

uninucleate haploid

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12
Q

homokaryon

A

uni or multi nucleate haploid (n)

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13
Q

dikaryon

A

binucleate haploid (n+n)

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14
Q

heterokaryon

A

multinucleate (n+n)

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15
Q

diploid

A

2n

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16
Q

for mating to be successful in basidiomycetes ..

A

all sexes HAVE TO BE DIFFERENT

17
Q

how many diff sexes in Schizophyllum

A

28,000

18
Q

what maintain dikaryon

A

clamp connections

- ensuring that every hyphal compartment within a mycelium is binucleate

19
Q

where are basiospores produced

A

on basidia

20
Q

sexual reproduction in Zygomycota

A

1) +ve and -ve mycelia make contact
2) gametangia with haploid nuclei and then plasmogamy
3) a young zygosporgangium (heterokaryotic) forms
5) the zygosporangia goes through karygoamy to produce a diploid nucleus
6) meiosis
7) forms into a sporangium
8) spore get released from sporangium and these spore are dispersed and germinate mycelia

21
Q

mycelia reproduction can either be..

A

asexual or sexual

- e.g. the spore produced my mycelia can either be used to germinate itself or other mycelia

22
Q

sexual reproduction in Ascomycota

A

1) +ve ascogonium and -ve ascogonium make contact
2) plasmogamy
3) DNA shared
3) an ascocarp is formed with ascus’ that are dikaryotic
4) karygamy–> forms a diploid nucleus (zygote)
5) meisois- four haploid nuclei
6) mitosis- eight ascospore
7) ascospore dispera
8) germinate mycelia

23
Q

sexual reproduction in ascomycota can be

A

sexual or asexual

24
Q

yeast can reproduce asexually by

A

budding

25
Q

sexual reproduction in Basidiomycota

A

1) positive and negative mating type
2) plasmogamy
3) dikaryotic mycelium is formed
4) gills of fungi lined with basidia which are dikaryotic
5) karyogamy- forming a diploid nuclei
6) meiosis
7) basidium containing four haploid nuclei dispersed as basidiospore
8) germination of haploid mycelia

26
Q

dikaryon/heterokaryons are established through ……. mating

A

SOMATOGAMOUS

27
Q

plasmogamy

A

is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.

28
Q

karyogamy

A

is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei. Before karyogamy, each haploid cell has one complete copy of the organism’s genome.

29
Q

basidiospore are produced on

A

basidia

30
Q

in basidomycota spore discharge is

A

passive or mediated by bullers drop

31
Q

bipolar heterothallism

A

one mating-type gene,w with two alleles (e.g. A and a) are compatible. However A xA or a xa are incompatible (homogenise incompatibility)

32
Q

tetrapolar heterothallism

A

two mating types genes with two or more alleles (e.g.A and a with B and b). only combinations that differs at all four alleles are fully compatible e.g. AB x ab.

33
Q

secondary hoothallism

A

in some bipolar heterothallic species, spore can form that segregate both mating-types together. the mycelium is consequently self fertile.

34
Q

outcrossing

A

mating between different haploid strain

35
Q

outcrossing can either be

A

outbreeding or inbreeding

36
Q

outbreeding

A

mating between different haploid strains from different spore sources (non sib)

37
Q

inbreeding

A

mating between different haploid strains from the same spore source (sib)

38
Q

non-outcrossing

A

self mating between identical haploid strains

39
Q

outcrossing strategies require the opening up of

A

‘self’ to ‘non-self’ genetic info which can lead to cooperatives, mergers, takeovers and STDs