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2. Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Vaccine

A

A preparation that’s used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases
Administered through needles, mouth or spray

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2
Q

Adjuvants

A

Chemicals, microbial components or mammalian proteins that enhance the immune response to vaccine antigens
Ex: aluminum salts

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3
Q

What was the first vaccine?

A

Smallpox vaccine (one of the deadliest, 300 million people died b4 vacicine)

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4
Q

How was the smallpox vaccine established?

A

1796 Edward Jenner found that vax with the cowpox virus can protect a person from smallpox

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5
Q

First smallpox vax in the US?

A

1800 Dr. Benjamin gives smallpox vax to family

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6
Q

In __________, _____________ declares smallpox eliminated worldwide due to vax

A

1980
World Health Organization

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7
Q

What are the ingredients in some vax?

A

Preservatives
Adjuvants
Stabilizers
Cell culture materials
Inactivating ingredients
Antibiotics

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8
Q

Preservatives and stabilizers

A

Prevent contamination (thimerosal)
Keeps vax potent during transport and storage (sugars/ gelatin)

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9
Q

Cell culture materials and inactivating ingredients

A

Used to grow the vax Ags (egg protein)
Used to kill virus or inactivate toxins (formaldehyde)

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10
Q

Antibiotics

A

Used to prevent contamination by bacteria (neomycin)

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11
Q

What is an ideal vaccine?

A

Safe (no adverse effects), effective, should give prolonged immunity, cheap, stable, adaptable to mass vaccination

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12
Q

What are the types of adjuvants?

A

Depot
Particulate
Immunostimulatory

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13
Q

Depot Adjuvant

A

Protects Ags from degradation and prolong immune responses from sustained release of Ag over a period (oil in water emulsions)

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14
Q

Particulate Adjuvant

A

Particles containing Ags, seen better by APCs (aluminum salt- hydroxide, phosphate, potassium)

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15
Q

Immunostimulatory

A

Commonly used microbial immunostimulants include lipopolysaccharides

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16
Q

Which synthetic adjuvants are licensed for human and vet use?

A

Aluminum potassium sulfate, hydroxide and phosphate
Alhydrogel
Hydrophobic squalene- based emulsion (MF59) with COVID vax
Freund’s adjuvant (vet and research)
Sigma Adjuvant (research)

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17
Q

Complete Freund’s Adjuvant

A

Water in oil emulsion that contains inactivated mycobacteria (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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18
Q

Homologous Vax

A

Canine Distemper virus for canine distempter

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19
Q

Heterologous Vax

A

Cross reacting Ags
Cowpox virus: small pox
Measles virus: canine distemper
Turkey herpes virus: marek’s disease

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20
Q

Toixoids Vax

A

Use toxoids as Ags to induce an immune response to protect against diseases caused by toxins secreted by specific bacteria (Tetanus Vax)

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21
Q

Killed Vax

A

Whole organisms killed by heat or chemical means (formaldehyde, beta- propiolactone) - rabies vax

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22
Q

Characteristics of killed vaccines

A

More doses
Adjuvant
Requires large antigenic dose
May cause allergies and autoimmunity

23
Q

Live-attenuated viral vax

A

Contain viruses that can’t cause disease but have immunogenicity
Prepared by tissue culture passage (Hepatitis B)

24
Q

Characteristics of live vaccines

A

Less doses
Required refrigeration
May revert to virulence
Less chance for hypersensitivities

25
Subunit Vax
Extracts or cellular fractions (individual protective Ags of an organism) Antiserum: produced in a diff animal then injected into another animal to produce an immediate therapeutic effect
26
mRNA vax
Introduces a piece of mRNA that corresponds to a viral protein (small piece of a protein found on the virus's outer membrane- COVID-19)
27
Tetanus Vac preparation
*Clostridium tetani* grown in liquid media --> toxin purified then inactivated by treatment with formaldehyde to produce toxoid Ag --> tetanus toxoid formulated with aluminum or calcium salts via IM injection
28
Canarypox virus in vet med
It's been successfully employed as a carrier for genes derived from FeLV, West Nile Virus and equine influenza virus
29
All vaccines in the US must be approved by _____________ and licensed by _______________
FDA USDA
30
Passive immunization
Administration of pre-formed Abs to provide immediate protection from the effects of a toxin or venom
31
Active Immunization
Administration of Ag to induce an immune response and immunological memory
32
What is an example of passive immunity?
Tetanus toxoid antiserum: Injecting horses with toxoid followed by boosts Protects against Clostridum perfringens and C. Tetani Treated with pepsin to avoid “serum sickness”
33
How is active immunization different from passive?
Longer, boost able (can induce a memory response)
34
Synthetic peptide vaccines
AA sequence of an epitope concerned in protective immunity, chemically synthesized and used as a vaccine
35
Recombinant DNA vaccine
Naked (not in cell) plasmids that encode antigenic proteins or pathogens IM or cutaneous by “gene gun” DNA transcribed to RNA in bits cells —> proteins Stimulate long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity
36
Examples of a recombinant DNA vaccine
West Nile vaccine against west Nile disease in horses
37
Conjugated vaccines
To enhance immunogenicity of polysaccharides they’re combined with proteins Ex: diphtheria toxoids vaccine against haemophilus influenza b
38
Swine vaccines
Small: SubQ @ loose flaps or flank skin or behind elbow Large: SubQ in neck just behind and below ear IM: neck just behind or below ear
39
Equine vaccine locations
SubQ and IM in neck May administer in muscles of hindquarters
40
Sheep and goat vaccines
SubQ in loose skin of axillary region IM given in neck
41
Cattle vaccines
SubQ or IM in triangular region of the neck Don’t inject the upper rump or upper butt
42
FeLV vaccine
Delivered using needle free system Delivered @ high pressure transdermal to readily transfect APCs
43
Time of vaccination
Vaccinate young animals @ least twice Second given @ 15 weeks in small and @ 6 months in large animals
44
CORE vaccines in dogs
Combo vax DAPP Canine distemper virus (right shoulder SubQ) Parvo 1 Adenovirus 2 Parainfluenza virus (left shoulder SQ) Rabies (right rear SQ)
45
Where is the bird Stella vaccine given?
Intranasal or intraoral
46
Acclimation guide for dogs
6-8 wks: DHPP #1 9-12 wks: DHPP #2, corona 1 and bordatella 1 12-16 wks: DHPP 3, corona 2, bordatella 2, rabies
47
Which vaccines in dogs are given annually?
DHPP Corona Bordatella (6m) Rabies (3 yrs)
48
Vaccines for cats
Core: rabies, feline herpes, calcivirus, paneleukopenia, leukemia Noncore: bordetella, chlamydia
49
Induction of a primary response
Vaccinate mother in late stages of pregnancy Vaccinate young 2-3 times @ intervals to cover the window as maternal Abs decrease
50
Induction of a secondary response (secondary boost)
Provides long-term protection (modified live vax stimulates CMI and Abs production) Killed vaccine (extracellular organisms, mainly Abs)
51
Vaccines for horses
Core: tetanus, rabies, EEE, WEE (encephalitis), West Nile Noncore: influenza, strangles, EHV1 & EHV4 (herpesvirus)
52
Vaccines for goats and sheep
Rabies Clostridium perfrimgens
53
Vaccines for cattle
Infectious bovine rhino Bovine respiratory syncytial virus Blackleg 7-way Leptospirosis Rotavirus/ corona Vibriosis Brucellosis
54
Reasons why vets should administer vets
Proper handling of vax Safe administration Some vax cannot be given @ the same time as other medicines

2. Immunology (24 decks)

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