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2. Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Vaccine

A

A preparation that’s used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases
Administered through needles, mouth or spray

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2
Q

Adjuvants

A

Chemicals, microbial components or mammalian proteins that enhance the immune response to vaccine antigens
Ex: aluminum salts

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3
Q

What was the first vaccine?

A

Smallpox vaccine (one of the deadliest, 300 million people died b4 vacicine)

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4
Q

How was the smallpox vaccine established?

A

1796 Edward Jenner found that vax with the cowpox virus can protect a person from smallpox

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5
Q

First smallpox vax in the US?

A

1800 Dr. Benjamin gives smallpox vax to family

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6
Q

In __________, _____________ declares smallpox eliminated worldwide due to vax

A

1980
World Health Organization

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7
Q

What are the ingredients in some vax?

A

Preservatives
Adjuvants
Stabilizers
Cell culture materials
Inactivating ingredients
Antibiotics

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8
Q

Preservatives and stabilizers

A

Prevent contamination (thimerosal)
Keeps vax potent during transport and storage (sugars/ gelatin)

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9
Q

Cell culture materials and inactivating ingredients

A

Used to grow the vax Ags (egg protein)
Used to kill virus or inactivate toxins (formaldehyde)

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10
Q

Antibiotics

A

Used to prevent contamination by bacteria (neomycin)

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11
Q

What is an ideal vaccine?

A

Safe (no adverse effects), effective, should give prolonged immunity, cheap, stable, adaptable to mass vaccination

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12
Q

What are the types of adjuvants?

A

Depot
Particulate
Immunostimulatory

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13
Q

Depot Adjuvant

A

Protects Ags from degradation and prolong immune responses from sustained release of Ag over a period (oil in water emulsions)

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14
Q

Particulate Adjuvant

A

Particles containing Ags, seen better by APCs (aluminum salt- hydroxide, phosphate, potassium)

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15
Q

Immunostimulatory

A

Commonly used microbial immunostimulants include lipopolysaccharides

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16
Q

Which synthetic adjuvants are licensed for human and vet use?

A

Aluminum potassium sulfate, hydroxide and phosphate
Alhydrogel
Hydrophobic squalene- based emulsion (MF59) with COVID vax
Freund’s adjuvant (vet and research)
Sigma Adjuvant (research)

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17
Q

Complete Freund’s Adjuvant

A

Water in oil emulsion that contains inactivated mycobacteria (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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18
Q

Homologous Vax

A

Canine Distemper virus for canine distempter

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19
Q

Heterologous Vax

A

Cross reacting Ags
Cowpox virus: small pox
Measles virus: canine distemper
Turkey herpes virus: marek’s disease

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20
Q

Toixoids Vax

A

Use toxoids as Ags to induce an immune response to protect against diseases caused by toxins secreted by specific bacteria (Tetanus Vax)

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21
Q

Killed Vax

A

Whole organisms killed by heat or chemical means (formaldehyde, beta- propiolactone) - rabies vax

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22
Q

Characteristics of killed vaccines

A

More doses
Adjuvant
Requires large antigenic dose
May cause allergies and autoimmunity

23
Q

Live-attenuated viral vax

A

Contain viruses that can’t cause disease but have immunogenicity
Prepared by tissue culture passage (Hepatitis B)

24
Q

Characteristics of live vaccines

A

Less doses
Required refrigeration
May revert to virulence
Less chance for hypersensitivities

25
Q

Subunit Vax

A

Extracts or cellular fractions (individual protective Ags of an organism)
Antiserum: produced in a diff animal then injected into another animal to produce an immediate therapeutic effect

26
Q

mRNA vax

A

Introduces a piece of mRNA that corresponds to a viral protein (small piece of a protein found on the virus’s outer membrane- COVID-19)

27
Q

Tetanus Vac preparation

A

Clostridium tetani grown in liquid media –> toxin purified then inactivated by treatment with formaldehyde to produce toxoid Ag –> tetanus toxoid formulated with aluminum or calcium salts via IM injection

28
Q

Canarypox virus in vet med

A

It’s been successfully employed as a carrier for genes derived from FeLV, West Nile Virus and equine influenza virus

29
Q

All vaccines in the US must be approved by _____________ and licensed by _______________

A

FDA
USDA

30
Q

Passive immunization

A

Administration of pre-formed Abs to provide immediate protection from the effects of a toxin or venom

31
Q

Active Immunization

A

Administration of Ag to induce an immune response and immunological memory

32
Q

What is an example of passive immunity?

A

Tetanus toxoid antiserum:
Injecting horses with toxoid followed by boosts
Protects against Clostridum perfringens and C. Tetani
Treated with pepsin to avoid “serum sickness”

33
Q

How is active immunization different from passive?

A

Longer, boost able (can induce a memory response)

34
Q

Synthetic peptide vaccines

A

AA sequence of an epitope concerned in protective immunity, chemically synthesized and used as a vaccine

35
Q

Recombinant DNA vaccine

A

Naked (not in cell) plasmids that encode antigenic proteins or pathogens
IM or cutaneous by “gene gun”
DNA transcribed to RNA in bits cells —> proteins
Stimulate long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity

36
Q

Examples of a recombinant DNA vaccine

A

West Nile vaccine against west Nile disease in horses

37
Q

Conjugated vaccines

A

To enhance immunogenicity of polysaccharides they’re combined with proteins
Ex: diphtheria toxoids vaccine against haemophilus influenza b

38
Q

Swine vaccines

A

Small: SubQ @ loose flaps or flank skin or behind elbow
Large: SubQ in neck just behind and below ear
IM: neck just behind or below ear

39
Q

Equine vaccine locations

A

SubQ and IM in neck
May administer in muscles of hindquarters

40
Q

Sheep and goat vaccines

A

SubQ in loose skin of axillary region
IM given in neck

41
Q

Cattle vaccines

A

SubQ or IM in triangular region of the neck
Don’t inject the upper rump or upper butt

42
Q

FeLV vaccine

A

Delivered using needle free system
Delivered @ high pressure transdermal to readily transfect APCs

43
Q

Time of vaccination

A

Vaccinate young animals @ least twice
Second given @ 15 weeks in small and @ 6 months in large animals

44
Q

CORE vaccines in dogs

A

Combo vax DAPP
Canine distemper virus (right shoulder SubQ)
Parvo 1
Adenovirus 2
Parainfluenza virus (left shoulder SQ)
Rabies (right rear SQ)

45
Q

Where is the bird Stella vaccine given?

A

Intranasal or intraoral

46
Q

Acclimation guide for dogs

A

6-8 wks: DHPP #1
9-12 wks: DHPP #2, corona 1 and bordatella 1
12-16 wks: DHPP 3, corona 2, bordatella 2, rabies

47
Q

Which vaccines in dogs are given annually?

A

DHPP
Corona
Bordatella (6m)
Rabies (3 yrs)

48
Q

Vaccines for cats

A

Core: rabies, feline herpes, calcivirus, paneleukopenia, leukemia
Noncore: bordetella, chlamydia

49
Q

Induction of a primary response

A

Vaccinate mother in late stages of pregnancy
Vaccinate young 2-3 times @ intervals to cover the window as maternal Abs decrease

50
Q

Induction of a secondary response (secondary boost)

A

Provides long-term protection (modified live vax stimulates CMI and Abs production)
Killed vaccine (extracellular organisms, mainly Abs)

51
Q

Vaccines for horses

A

Core: tetanus, rabies, EEE, WEE (encephalitis), West Nile
Noncore: influenza, strangles, EHV1 & EHV4 (herpesvirus)

52
Q

Vaccines for goats and sheep

A

Rabies
Clostridium perfrimgens

53
Q

Vaccines for cattle

A

Infectious bovine rhino
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Blackleg 7-way
Leptospirosis
Rotavirus/ corona
Vibriosis
Brucellosis

54
Q

Reasons why vets should administer vets

A

Proper handling of vax
Safe administration
Some vax cannot be given @ the same time as other medicines

2. Immunology (24 decks)

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