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2. Immunology > Mucosal Immunity > Flashcards

Mucosal Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the mucosal immune system?

A

Provides first immune defense barrier
Largest immune organ in the body
Greater concentration of Abs
Protects against harmful pathogens
Tolerizes the immune system to dietary and normal microbial flora

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2
Q

What happens when the barrier is breached?

A

Phagocytic cells
Production of cytokines, chemokines and proteins
Recruit cells through the proinflammatory process
Activates acquired immune response

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3
Q

What are the key players in mucosal immunity?

A

Lining epithelium
Commensal bacteria
Paneth cells
Microfold cells (M cells)
MALT
B cell secretion of IgA
T cells
Antigen presenting cells (dendritic)

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4
Q

Which cells are most important in antigen sampling?

A

M cells

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5
Q

Villus and mucus

A

Prevents adherence to epithelia cells

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6
Q

IgA

A

Maintains homeostasis on commensal microbiota
Eliminates pathogens or antigens via IgA mediated excretory pathway
Immune exclusion

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7
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Surfaces exposed to foreign particles, pollutants and microbes:
Type 2 pneumocytes (surfactatn proteins)
Paneth cells (antimicrobial molecules)
Goblet cells (mucins)
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (eradicate)

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8
Q

Ciliated airway of epithelial cells

A

Mechanically removes invading pathogens

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9
Q

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of epithelial cells

A

Bind to pathogen surface and neutralize the pathogen:
Alpha and beta defensins
Cathelicidins

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10
Q

Phagocytic ability of epithelial cells

A

Digestion of the bacterial components within the cell
Limits inflammatory signaling from extracellular bacterial killing
Helps maintain the homeostatic lung environment

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11
Q

Commensals

A

Microbiomes that occupy mucosal surfaces
Begins immediately following birth
Alters immune cell development and homeostasis
Resistance to invasion

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12
Q

Goblet cells

A

Produce mucin and mucous (proteoglycan gel)
Forms inner mucosal layer and outer mucous layer

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13
Q

What is the goblet cell inner mucous layer composed of?

A

High concentration of bactericidal AMPs
Commensals specific secretory IgA
Makes it hard for bacterial colonization or penetration

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14
Q

What are the 3 levels of protection that the intestinal microbiota promotes?

A
  1. Saturation of colonization
  2. Kill zone (mucin, AMP, IgA)
  3. Microbiota enhances immune responses to invading pathogens
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15
Q

What happens in conditions where microbiota is absent?

A

Reduced competition, barrier resistance and immune defense against pathogen invasion

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16
Q

MALT: Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue

A

Lymphoid elements associated with internal surfaces of the body:
GALT (GI, Peyer’s patches and salivary glands)
BALT and NALT (respiratory, tonsils, mammary glands, lacrimal gland, urogenital, inner ear)

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17
Q

What are the functions of MALT?

A

Protection for most common pathogen entry points
Rapid elimination of initial foci of infection
Prevents dissemination of pathogens
Able to respond to vast number of pathogens
Distinguish pathogenic from non-path organisms and proteins

18
Q

Microfold cells (M cells)

A

Specialized epithelial cells that cover lymphoid follicles dome in mucosal surface
Lack microvilli
Endocytic vesicles, limited # of lysosomes, antigen sampling and pathogen entry

19
Q

MALT and B cell production of IgA

A

Main effector
First line of defense against host pathogens
Saliva, tears, colostrum and GI secretions
Homeostasis and lessens inflammatory response

20
Q

Immune Exclusion

A

Limits the access of some microogs and antigens to mucosal barrier

21
Q

SIgA

A

Recognizes multiple surface antigenic epitopes of pathogens within the lumen
Delays/ abolish potential to adhere to and/or penetrate the epithelium (neutralization)

22
Q

Transcytosis

A

Polymeric IgA transport across epithelial cells

23
Q

Intraepithelial lymphocytes

A

First immune cell line of defense in GI
Exclusively antigen experienced heterogenous T cells
Primary cytotoxic
Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha

24
Q

What is the function of intraepithelial lymphocytes?

A

Help to regulate dietary antigens

25
Q

Chronic Enteropathy (Inflammatory Bowel Disease)

A

Condition of horses, dogs and cats
Malabsorption and chronic protein-losing enteropathy
Breakdown in mucosal immune tolerance to commensals
Altered Treg mechanisms and regulatory cytokine imbalance

26
Q

How long are GI diseases present?

A

GI diseases present for 3 weeks or longer

27
Q

How is chronic enteropathy classified?

A

According to treatment response:
Food-responsive enteropathy
Antibiotic-responsive enteropathy
Immunosuppressant -responsive enteropathy

28
Q

Food allergies

A

Abnormal IgE mediated immune response to ingested food
Clinical presentation: nonseasonal pruritis

29
Q

What does overproduction of IgE lead to?

A

Sensitizes mast cell and basophils
Facilitates degranulation cross-linking by food antigens

30
Q

What does 20% of food-allergic pet have?

A

GI signs like flatulence, vomiting, diarrhea, loud intestinal sounds, defecating more than 4 or 5 times a day

31
Q

How do you diagnose food allergies?

A

Strict elimination diet trial

32
Q

“Ear and Rears”

A

Dogs scratching their face, ear, feet, groin or anal area or develop recurrent skin or ear infections

33
Q

Asthma

A

An allergic reaction to inhaled allergens/ particles that stimulate the immune system
Ex: grass, tree pollen, mold, dust

34
Q

Asthma in genetically susceptible individuals

A

Exaggerated Th2-type responses involving IgE to harmless antigens

35
Q

Antigen-induced airway eosinophilia

A

Neutrophilia in horses
Complex antigen combinations that generate Th17 responses
Smooth muscle atrophy and glandular hyperplasia (excess mucus)

36
Q

Clinical presentation for asthma syndrome in horses and feline

A

Poor performance, wheezing, rapid breathing, chronic coughing/ hacking, open-mouther breathing

37
Q

Histopathology for asthma syndrome in horses and feline

A

Epithelial linings of many bronchi are sloughed
Moderate to numerous numbers of eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages infiltrate the airway

38
Q

IgA deficiency

A

Most common primary human and dog immunodeficiency
1 in 300-500 people infected
Common in Shar-Pei dogs and German shepherds

39
Q

What signs do most people with IgA deficiency show?

A

They’re asymptomatic!!!!
Compensatory increase in IgM production
Significant allergic and autoimmune diseases

40
Q

Symptomatic patients with IgA deficiency

A

Recurrent ear infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
Most susceptible to allergic increase (asthma, food allergy)

41
Q

Immune exclusion for IgA deficiency

A

IgA binds to environmental antigens
Promotes removal and prevent development of secondary T cell mediate inflammatory responses

2. Immunology (24 decks)

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