Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Innate Immunity

Answer 1

Non-specific and antigen dependent
0-12 hours
Has a 2nd and 1st line of defense
Early stage of infection and no memory

Question 2

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 2

Specific and antigen dependent
1-7 days
3rd line of defense
Middle and late stage of infection and memory

Question 3

What are the physical and physiological barriers for innate immunity?

Answer 3

Skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, nasopharynx, cilia, eyelashes and other body hair

Question 4

Defense mechanisms within innate immune system

Answer 4

Secretions, mucus, bile, gastric acid, saliva, tears, sweat

Question 5

General immune responses within innate immunity

Answer 5

Inflammation, complement, non-specific cellular responses (leukocytes, complement system)

Question 6

B cells

Answer 6

Mature in bone marrow
Antibodies that bind to antigens
Hummoral immunity

Question 7

T cells

Answer 7

Mature in the thymus
T cell receptors and CD4 or CD8
Cell-mediated immunity

Question 8

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Answer 8

Glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of diff organisms
Enables innate system to recognize enemies

Question 9

What does PAMPs include?

Answer 9

Lipopolysaccharides of gram-neg bacteria
Flagellin in the flagella of motile bacteria
Peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria
DNA of bacteria and viruses (or RNA)
Glycoproteins of fungi and parasites

Question 10

What performs phagocytosis?

Answer 10

Neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 11

Cytokines

Answer 11

Recruit other inflammatory cells
Activate other defensive cells and attract them to the site of invasion

Question 12

What are the steps in phagocytosis?

Answer 12

1. Activation
2. Chemotaxis
3. Attachment
4. Ingestion
5. Destruction
6. Exocytosis

Question 13

Complement system

Answer 13

Family of proteins produced in the liver and circulate in blood
Produces biochemical transformation where proteins assist in eliminating pathogens

Question 14

How do proteins produced by the complement system assist in eliminating pathogens?

Answer 14

1. Attracts WBCs to the site
2. Tags pathogen to aid phagocytic cells in identifying and engulfing them (bind PAMPs_
3. Kills pathogen by creating holes in cell membrane

Question 15

Complement system pathway

Answer 15

1. C4 cleaved to C4a and C4b AND C2 cleaved by MASP2 to form C2b and C2a
2. C4b and C2a binds and form C3 convertase
3. C3 convertase cleaved C3 into C3a and C3b
4. 3a fragment released into fluid and 5 convertase formed with C4b2a3b
5. Membrane attack complex (MAC) formed
6. C5 convertase cleaved C5 into C5a and C5b
7. C5b recruits C6, C7, C8 and C9 to form MAC that induces cell lysis

Question 16

Membrane attack complex (MAC)

Answer 16

Inserts itself into pathogen membranes, allows extracellular salts and water to enter, causes microbe to swell and burst

Question 17

What can complement proteins trigger and facilitate?

Answer 17

Trigger the release of histamine from mast cells
Facilitate the removal of antigen-antibody complexes

Question 18

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Answer 18

In phagocytic cells on membrane or internal phagosomes
Recognizes PAMPs and send signal to nucleus that activates genes involved in phagocytosis, secretion of antiviral interferons, proinflammatory cytokines and enhanced killer cells

Question 19

C3 and Factor B deficiency

Answer 19

Sever bacterial infection

Question 20

C3b-INA, C6 and C8 deficiency

Answer 20

Sever Neisseria infection
Neisseria menpngitidis
Inflammation of the SC and brain

Question 21

C1, C4 and C2 deficiency

Answer 21

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Glomerulonephritis
Polymyositis

Question 22

C1 inhibitor deficiency

Answer 22

Hereditary angioedema

Question 23

Signs of inflammation

Answer 23

Dilate BVs
Increase BF and WBCs in area of infection
Redness
Temp. increase
Swelling (leukocytes and edema fluid)
Pain and tenderness (released prostaglandins, histamines)

Question 24

African swine fever

Answer 24

Hyperemia
Ears reddening
Generalized reddening

Question 25

Pyoderma

Answer 25

Rare condition that causes large, painful sores (ulcers) to develop on your skin, most often on your legs

Question 26

Pyoderma causes

Answer 26

Bacterial infection Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA or MSSA), allergies to fleas, environmental allergens or food allergies

Question 27

A macrophage helps defend the body against pathogens by:

Answer 27

Phagocytosis

Question 28

When is there a side-scale activation of macrophages?

Answer 28

When there’s septicemia (blood poisoning)