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2. Immunology > Autoimmune Disease > Flashcards

Autoimmune Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

The body’s natural defense system can’t tell the difference between your own cells and foreign cells
Causes the body to attack normal cells

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2
Q

What does an autoimmune disorder result in?

A

Destruction of body tissue
Abnormal growth of an organ
Changes in organ function

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3
Q

What areas do autoimmune disorders include

A

BVs
CTs
Endocrine glands
Joints and muscles
RBCs
Skin

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4
Q

Immune-mediated diseases in dogs and cats

A

Immune-mediated haemolytic anemia
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Rheutmatoid Arthritis
Myasthenia Gravis
IBD
Pemphigus foliaceus
Granulomatous Meningoencephaltis
Dry eye
Glomerulonerphritis

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5
Q

Mechanisms of Autoimmunity

A
  1. Release of sequestered self ags
  2. Tolerance of self ags terminated due to cross reaction with microbial ags
  3. Altered immunoregulation and diminished suppressor T cell function
  4. Viral infections induce autoimmunity
  5. Age, hormonal and genetic influences play a role
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6
Q

Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anemia

A

Autoantibodies attack RBCs
Predisposed in Cocker Spaniels and Poodles

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7
Q

What clinical signs does IMHA show in dogs and cats?

A

Pale gums, black stools, red or purple spots on the body, etc.

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8
Q

Immune Mediated Thrombocytopenia

A

Autoantibodies attack platelets and destroys them
Occurs in Whippets and Greyhounds

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9
Q

Clinical signs seen in dogs and cats with immune mediated thrombocytopenia

A

Uncontrollable bleeding, bruising and skin and gums, blood in urine or stools, nose bleeds, pale gums

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10
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Autoantibody that attaches to normal IgG of the patients forming immune complexes
Attacks joints causing inflammation
Test for rheumatoid factor (RF)

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11
Q

Pemphigus Foliaceus

A

Most common autoimmune disease in cats and dogs
Autoantibodies against intracellular cement substance leading to disruption of keratinocyte cohesion

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12
Q

Clinical signs of Pemphigus Foliaceus

A

Crusting lesions of nose, face and ears
Thickening of footpads

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13
Q

Common victims of Pemphigus Foliaceus

A

Akitas and Chow Chows
Also seen in Labs, Germans, bulldogs and spaniels

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14
Q

Pemphigus Erythematosus

A

Affects the nose, face and ears
Mildest form of pemphigus
Collies, germans and shetland sheepdogs predisposed

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15
Q

Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

Painful with ulcers and erosions in the mouth and other mucocutaneous junctions near anus and vulva

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16
Q

Pemphigus Vegetans

A

Least common
Produces proliferative lesions

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17
Q

Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus

A

Abs to nucleic acids (antinuclear abs)
Starts with lesions on nose or footpads then erosive ulcers
Rouge immune cells push normal cells aside

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18
Q

Which breeds are susceptible to Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus?

A

Germans, Huskies, Collies and Shetland sheepdogs

19
Q

What is a trigger of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus

A

Exposure to UV radiation (after infection, exposure to sunlight makes the sores worse)

20
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Autoantibodies attack many cells and proteins
Heart , joints and kidneys involved
40-50% of dogs, skin lesions are the first sign

21
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Nova Scotia duck trolling retriever, Old english sheepdog, Afghan hound, beagle, irsih setter, poodle, collies, shetland sheepdogs, germans

22
Q

Hashimoto’s thryroiditis

A

Body makes abs that attack thyrogobulin and thyroid colloid ag in thyroid causing hypothyroidism
Naturally occurs in leghorn chickens

23
Q

Treatment of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Replacement therapy with synthetic T4

24
Q

Grave’s disease (Hyperthyroidism)

A

Overproduction in thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Treatment: Radioiodine therapy or thyroidectomy

25
Q

Myathenia Gravis

A

Malfunction in transmission of signals between nerves and muscles
Extreme weakness and excessive fatigue
Excess acetylcholinesterase (breaks down ACH)

26
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to MG?

A

Jack Russel Terrier
English Springer Spaniels
Smooth Fox Terriers
Smooth-haired mini daschunds

27
Q

How do you treat MG?

A

Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase like Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon)
Corticosteroids, azathiorpine, mycophenolate

28
Q

Insuline-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (type 1)

A

Immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue
Infection or triggers can cause the body to attack beta cells in pancreas (insulin producing)

29
Q

What happens when the body doesn’t have enough insulin?

A

Glucose builds up in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia)

30
Q

How do you treat type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin
Immunosuppressive drugs: prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine

31
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

A

Caused by a specific reaction to chronic irritation of the intestinal tract (parasites, bacterial infection, reaction to a protein in diet)

32
Q

Outcome of IBD?

A

Interferes with the ability to digest and absorb nutrients
Recurrent/ chronic vomiting and diarrhea and poor appetite

33
Q

How do you diagnose IBD?

A

Fecal exam to look for infectious organisms
B12 measurement in blood
Folate measurement in blood (for bacteria in GI)
Tissue biopsies
Endoscopic procedure

34
Q

Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis

A

Acute progressive inflammatory disease in CNS of dogs
Terriers and poodles more susceptible (25%)

35
Q

What are the 3 syndromes of GME?

A

Focal GME
Mutlifocal/ Disseminated GME
Ocular form (affects eyes)

36
Q

Focal GME

A

Chronic progressive condition (3-6 months)
Clinical signs secondary to nodular granuloma formation

37
Q

Multifocal/ disseminated GME

A

Acute, progressive condition (2-6 weeks)
Affects lower brain stem, cervical SC and meninges
25% of dogs dead within a week

38
Q

GME diagnosis

A

CT and MRI for CNS lesions
difficult to differentiate lesions from neoplasia

39
Q

GME treatment

A

Corticosteroids
Radiation therapy can prolong mean survival of dogs

40
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca- “Dry eye”

A

Primary or secondary form to chronic use to sulfonamides
From immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal glands
Respond to cyclosporine eye drops

41
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli
Occurs when immune complexes are filtered out of the blood and trapped in the glomeruli

42
Q

Clinical signs of glomerulonephritis

A

Elevated amount of protein in urine, reduced protein in blood
Signs: weight and muscle loss then nephrotic syndrome (fluid in abdominal cavity, increased respiratory effort, swelling of limbs)

43
Q

When a patient has GN, what else does the urine have?

A

Hyaline casts: proteins that are in the shape of the renal tubules and indicate damage to those structures

44
Q

How do you diagnose GN?

A

Urine protein (urine culture test, creatine ratio for protein loss)

2. Immunology (24 decks)

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