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2. Immunology > Autoimmune Disease > Flashcards

Autoimmune Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

The body’s natural defense system can’t tell the difference between your own cells and foreign cells
Causes the body to attack normal cells

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2
Q

What does an autoimmune disorder result in?

A

Destruction of body tissue
Abnormal growth of an organ
Changes in organ function

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3
Q

What areas do autoimmune disorders include

A

BVs
CTs
Endocrine glands
Joints and muscles
RBCs
Skin

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4
Q

Immune-mediated diseases in dogs and cats

A

Immune-mediated haemolytic anemia
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Rheutmatoid Arthritis
Myasthenia Gravis
IBD
Pemphigus foliaceus
Granulomatous Meningoencephaltis
Dry eye
Glomerulonerphritis

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5
Q

Mechanisms of Autoimmunity

A
  1. Release of sequestered self ags
  2. Tolerance of self ags terminated due to cross reaction with microbial ags
  3. Altered immunoregulation and diminished suppressor T cell function
  4. Viral infections induce autoimmunity
  5. Age, hormonal and genetic influences play a role
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6
Q

Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anemia

A

Autoantibodies attack RBCs
Predisposed in Cocker Spaniels and Poodles

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7
Q

What clinical signs does IMHA show in dogs and cats?

A

Pale gums, black stools, red or purple spots on the body, etc.

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8
Q

Immune Mediated Thrombocytopenia

A

Autoantibodies attack platelets and destroys them
Occurs in Whippets and Greyhounds

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9
Q

Clinical signs seen in dogs and cats with immune mediated thrombocytopenia

A

Uncontrollable bleeding, bruising and skin and gums, blood in urine or stools, nose bleeds, pale gums

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10
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Autoantibody that attaches to normal IgG of the patients forming immune complexes
Attacks joints causing inflammation
Test for rheumatoid factor (RF)

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11
Q

Pemphigus Foliaceus

A

Most common autoimmune disease in cats and dogs
Autoantibodies against intracellular cement substance leading to disruption of keratinocyte cohesion

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12
Q

Clinical signs of Pemphigus Foliaceus

A

Crusting lesions of nose, face and ears
Thickening of footpads

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13
Q

Common victims of Pemphigus Foliaceus

A

Akitas and Chow Chows
Also seen in Labs, Germans, bulldogs and spaniels

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14
Q

Pemphigus Erythematosus

A

Affects the nose, face and ears
Mildest form of pemphigus
Collies, germans and shetland sheepdogs predisposed

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15
Q

Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

Painful with ulcers and erosions in the mouth and other mucocutaneous junctions near anus and vulva

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16
Q

Pemphigus Vegetans

A

Least common
Produces proliferative lesions

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17
Q

Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus

A

Abs to nucleic acids (antinuclear abs)
Starts with lesions on nose or footpads then erosive ulcers
Rouge immune cells push normal cells aside

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18
Q

Which breeds are susceptible to Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus?

A

Germans, Huskies, Collies and Shetland sheepdogs

19
Q

What is a trigger of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus

A

Exposure to UV radiation (after infection, exposure to sunlight makes the sores worse)

20
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Autoantibodies attack many cells and proteins
Heart , joints and kidneys involved
40-50% of dogs, skin lesions are the first sign

21
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Nova Scotia duck trolling retriever, Old english sheepdog, Afghan hound, beagle, irsih setter, poodle, collies, shetland sheepdogs, germans

22
Q

Hashimoto’s thryroiditis

A

Body makes abs that attack thyrogobulin and thyroid colloid ag in thyroid causing hypothyroidism
Naturally occurs in leghorn chickens

23
Q

Treatment of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Replacement therapy with synthetic T4

24
Q

Grave’s disease (Hyperthyroidism)

A

Overproduction in thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Treatment: Radioiodine therapy or thyroidectomy

25
Myathenia Gravis
Malfunction in transmission of signals between nerves and muscles Extreme weakness and excessive fatigue Excess acetylcholinesterase (breaks down ACH)
26
Which breeds are predisposed to MG?
Jack Russel Terrier English Springer Spaniels Smooth Fox Terriers Smooth-haired mini daschunds
27
How do you treat MG?
Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase like Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon) Corticosteroids, azathiorpine, mycophenolate
28
Insuline-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (type 1)
Immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue Infection or triggers can cause the body to attack beta cells in pancreas (insulin producing)
29
What happens when the body doesn't have enough insulin?
Glucose builds up in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia)
30
How do you treat type 1 diabetes?
Insulin Immunosuppressive drugs: prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine
31
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Caused by a specific reaction to chronic irritation of the intestinal tract (parasites, bacterial infection, reaction to a protein in diet)
32
Outcome of IBD?
Interferes with the ability to digest and absorb nutrients Recurrent/ chronic vomiting and diarrhea and poor appetite
33
How do you diagnose IBD?
Fecal exam to look for infectious organisms B12 measurement in blood Folate measurement in blood (for bacteria in GI) Tissue biopsies Endoscopic procedure
34
Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis
Acute progressive inflammatory disease in CNS of dogs Terriers and poodles more susceptible (25%)
35
What are the 3 syndromes of GME?
Focal GME Mutlifocal/ Disseminated GME Ocular form (affects eyes)
36
Focal GME
Chronic progressive condition (3-6 months) Clinical signs secondary to nodular granuloma formation
37
Multifocal/ disseminated GME
Acute, progressive condition (2-6 weeks) Affects lower brain stem, cervical SC and meninges 25% of dogs dead within a week
38
GME diagnosis
CT and MRI for CNS lesions *difficult to differentiate lesions from neoplasia*
39
GME treatment
Corticosteroids Radiation therapy can prolong mean survival of dogs
40
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca- "Dry eye"
Primary or secondary form to chronic use to sulfonamides From immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal glands Respond to cyclosporine eye drops
41
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli Occurs when immune complexes are filtered out of the blood and trapped in the glomeruli
42
Clinical signs of glomerulonephritis
Elevated amount of protein in urine, reduced protein in blood Signs: weight and muscle loss then nephrotic syndrome (fluid in abdominal cavity, increased respiratory effort, swelling of limbs)
43
When a patient has GN, what else does the urine have?
Hyaline casts: proteins that are in the shape of the renal tubules and indicate damage to those structures
44
How do you diagnose GN?
Urine protein (urine culture test, creatine ratio for protein loss)

2. Immunology (24 decks)

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