Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2. Immunology > Hypersensitivities 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Hypersensitivities 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

An overstated response to an antigen or allergen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity

A

Type 1: Anaphylactic- Immediate
Type 2: Cytotoxic
Type 3: Immune Complex-mediated
Type 4: Cell-mediates (no anitbodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What activates type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Food products (nuts, soy, shellfish)
Animal sources (cats, bee stings)
Environmental sources (latex, mold, dust)
Allergic conditions (rhinitis, allergic asthma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 stages of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Sensitization and effect stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sensitization stage

A

Person encounters the antigen but doesn’t experience any symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Effect stage

A

Person has exposure to the antigen again –> body recognizes it –> response results in symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type 1 clinical responses

A

Nausea and vomiting
Shortness in breath
Cardiac symptoms
Loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment of type 1

A

Adrenaline or epinephrine
Systemic glucocorticoids
Antihistamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Type 1 effectors

A

IgE (mast cells, basophils and eosinophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of Type 1

A

Atopic dermatitis
Atopic rhinitis
Allergic asthma
Bovine atopic dermatitis
Milk allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type 1 reactions

A

Occurs within minutes of exposure
Allergens combine with IgE antibodies
Mast cells coated with IgE
Massive drop in BP (fatal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

During a T1 reaction hat does IgE do?

A

Binds to mast cells and basophils causing them to degranulate and release several histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes (bronchial spasms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Histamine

A

Dilates and increases permeability of BVs (swelling and redness), increased mucus secretion (runny nose), smooth muscle contraction (bronchi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prostagladins

A

Contraction of smooth muscle of respiratory system and increased mucus secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mast cells and allergic response

A

Mast cell + antigen –> degranulation –> vasoactive molecules, chemotactic molecules, enzymes and cytokines –> acute inflammation and systemic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Canine atopic dermatitis

A

Genetically predisposed chronic pruritis and skin lesions
Associated with IgE antibodies to environmental allergens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do allergens for canine atopic dermatitis enter the body?

A

Through skin, respiratory tract or GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Allergens for canine atopic dermatitis

A

Pollen, animal dander, insects (house dust mites), food and medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Skin test (T1)

A

Diluted extracts from allergens injected
Observe for wheel and flare reaction developing within 30 minutes
Sensitive and less expensive

20
Q

Blood tests (T1)

A

ELISA to detect allergen-specific IgE antibodies

21
Q

Type 2 cytotoxic reactions

A

Involve activation of complement by IgG or IgM binding to a antigenic cells resulting in lysis of cell

22
Q

Effectors for T2 reactions

A

IgG and IgM (NK cells and complements destroy Ab coated cell)

23
Q

What is the major organ affect by anaphylactic shock for dogs?

A

Liver
With signs of constriction of hepatic veins (portal hypertension and visceral pooling of blood)

24
Q

Pathogenesis of Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (N)I?

A

Mare lacks RBC factor upon exposure, produces an antibody against it –> mare has foal who inherits RBC factor –> produces colostrum with abs against factor –> foal absorbs colostrum abs, tag foals RBCs for destruction –> hemolytic anemia and clinical NI

25
Q

Diagnosis of NI

A

Occur within 6-72 hours after birth
Lethargy, elevated pulse, increased resp. rate, anemia and jaundice
Anti-red antibodies in colostrum or serum of mare

26
Q

Progression of NI

A

Severe anemia and organ dysfunction leading to death

27
Q

Similarities and differences of RBCs in foals and adults

A

Hb structurally identical
Blood in newbord has a higher affinity for O2 than mother

28
Q

How can the mare exposed to RBC factor

A

Colostrum (NI)
Transfusion (transfusion reactions)
Develop to a horse’s own RBCs (autoimmune hemolytic anemia)

29
Q

Diseases involving T2 reactions

A

Myasthenia gravis (muscle cells)
Pemphigus folicaceus (skin cells)
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

30
Q

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)

A

Anti-body mediated disease in dogs and cats
Associated with organisms that infect RBCs, feline leukemia virus infection, medication, recent vaccination or neoplasia

31
Q

Bovine neonatal pancytopenia

A

Hemorrhagic disease affecting calves kidney cells
From use of bovine viral diarrhea vaccine

32
Q

What does Bovine neonatal pancytopenia do to cattle?

A

Stimulated Ab formation directed against MHC molecules –> molecules concentrated in colostrum –> ingested Abs destroyed calf’s bone marrow stem cells –> lethal pancytopenia

33
Q

Pemphigus

A

Autoimmune skin disease where the body’s immune system attacks the connections between its own skin cells

34
Q

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

Malfunction in transmission of signals between nerves and muscles
Show extreme weakness and excessive fatigue

35
Q

Which dogs are predisposed to MG?

A

Jack Russell Terriers
English Springer Spaniels
Smooth fox terriers
Smooth-haired miniature daschunds

36
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Dogs (FAD)

A

Causative allergens: proteins within the saliva of Ctenocephalides felis
Classical T1 hypersensitivity with late-phase response
Involve skin of tail base and hindlimbs

37
Q

What happens when dogs get FAD?

A

Cutaneous lesions may become chronic due to self-trauma and secondary infection
Develop tolerance
Develop allergic reactions to other arthropods

38
Q

Canine Atopic Dermatitis causative allergens

A

Indoor allergens like dust mites
Most significant allergen Der f15 (98 kDa chitinase enzyme)

39
Q

Lesions of Canine AD

A

Erythematous and pruritic lesions that affect the face and feet (may become generalized)
Progress from chronic self-trauma and secondary bacterial and yeast infections

40
Q

Receptor for IgE

A

Fc epsilon RI
Involved in the allergy disorder and parasites immunity

41
Q

Most common dietary components where animals develop IgE

A

Beef, chicken, milk, eggs, corn, wheat and soy

42
Q

What happens when dogs develop a dietary hypersensitivity?

A

Pruritic cutaneous disease
Few animals have primary GI disease (vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss)
Dominant CD8+ infiltration

43
Q

T cell receptors infiltration

A

CD8+ T cell infiltration of lesional epidermis
CD4+ T cell infiltration of lesional dermis

44
Q

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH)

A

Horse affected with range of allergic disorders
Most significant: biting midges of genus Culicoides

45
Q

What does IBH cause?

A

Urticarial reactions may develop
Pruritic skin disease with self-trauma of mane and tail regions

2. Immunology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions