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2. Immunology > Hypersensitivities 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Hypersensitivities 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

An overstated response to an antigen or allergen

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity

A

Type 1: Anaphylactic- Immediate
Type 2: Cytotoxic
Type 3: Immune Complex-mediated
Type 4: Cell-mediates (no anitbodies)

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3
Q

What activates type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Food products (nuts, soy, shellfish)
Animal sources (cats, bee stings)
Environmental sources (latex, mold, dust)
Allergic conditions (rhinitis, allergic asthma)

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4
Q

What are the 2 stages of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Sensitization and effect stage

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5
Q

Sensitization stage

A

Person encounters the antigen but doesn’t experience any symptoms

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6
Q

Effect stage

A

Person has exposure to the antigen again –> body recognizes it –> response results in symptoms

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7
Q

Type 1 clinical responses

A

Nausea and vomiting
Shortness in breath
Cardiac symptoms
Loss of consciousness

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8
Q

Treatment of type 1

A

Adrenaline or epinephrine
Systemic glucocorticoids
Antihistamines

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9
Q

Type 1 effectors

A

IgE (mast cells, basophils and eosinophils)

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10
Q

Examples of Type 1

A

Atopic dermatitis
Atopic rhinitis
Allergic asthma
Bovine atopic dermatitis
Milk allergy

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11
Q

Type 1 reactions

A

Occurs within minutes of exposure
Allergens combine with IgE antibodies
Mast cells coated with IgE
Massive drop in BP (fatal)

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12
Q

During a T1 reaction hat does IgE do?

A

Binds to mast cells and basophils causing them to degranulate and release several histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes (bronchial spasms)

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13
Q

Histamine

A

Dilates and increases permeability of BVs (swelling and redness), increased mucus secretion (runny nose), smooth muscle contraction (bronchi)

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14
Q

Prostagladins

A

Contraction of smooth muscle of respiratory system and increased mucus secretion

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15
Q

Mast cells and allergic response

A

Mast cell + antigen –> degranulation –> vasoactive molecules, chemotactic molecules, enzymes and cytokines –> acute inflammation and systemic effect

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16
Q

Canine atopic dermatitis

A

Genetically predisposed chronic pruritis and skin lesions
Associated with IgE antibodies to environmental allergens

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17
Q

How do allergens for canine atopic dermatitis enter the body?

A

Through skin, respiratory tract or GI tract

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18
Q

Allergens for canine atopic dermatitis

A

Pollen, animal dander, insects (house dust mites), food and medications

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19
Q

Skin test (T1)

A

Diluted extracts from allergens injected
Observe for wheel and flare reaction developing within 30 minutes
Sensitive and less expensive

20
Q

Blood tests (T1)

A

ELISA to detect allergen-specific IgE antibodies

21
Q

Type 2 cytotoxic reactions

A

Involve activation of complement by IgG or IgM binding to a antigenic cells resulting in lysis of cell

22
Q

Effectors for T2 reactions

A

IgG and IgM (NK cells and complements destroy Ab coated cell)

23
Q

What is the major organ affect by anaphylactic shock for dogs?

A

Liver
With signs of constriction of hepatic veins (portal hypertension and visceral pooling of blood)

24
Q

Pathogenesis of Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (N)I?

A

Mare lacks RBC factor upon exposure, produces an antibody against it –> mare has foal who inherits RBC factor –> produces colostrum with abs against factor –> foal absorbs colostrum abs, tag foals RBCs for destruction –> hemolytic anemia and clinical NI

25
Diagnosis of NI
Occur within 6-72 hours after birth Lethargy, elevated pulse, increased resp. rate, anemia and jaundice Anti-red antibodies in colostrum or serum of mare
26
Progression of NI
Severe anemia and organ dysfunction leading to death
27
Similarities and differences of RBCs in foals and adults
Hb structurally identical Blood in newbord has a higher affinity for O2 than mother
28
How can the mare exposed to RBC factor
Colostrum (NI) Transfusion (transfusion reactions) Develop to a horse's own RBCs (autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
29
Diseases involving T2 reactions
Myasthenia gravis (muscle cells) Pemphigus folicaceus (skin cells) Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
30
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
Anti-body mediated disease in dogs and cats Associated with organisms that infect RBCs, feline leukemia virus infection, medication, recent vaccination or neoplasia
31
Bovine neonatal pancytopenia
Hemorrhagic disease affecting calves kidney cells From use of bovine viral diarrhea vaccine
32
What does Bovine neonatal pancytopenia do to cattle?
Stimulated Ab formation directed against MHC molecules --> molecules concentrated in colostrum --> ingested Abs destroyed calf's bone marrow stem cells --> lethal pancytopenia
33
Pemphigus
Autoimmune skin disease where the body's immune system attacks the connections between its own skin cells
34
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Malfunction in transmission of signals between nerves and muscles Show extreme weakness and excessive fatigue
35
Which dogs are predisposed to MG?
Jack Russell Terriers English Springer Spaniels Smooth fox terriers Smooth-haired miniature daschunds
36
Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Dogs (FAD)
Causative allergens: proteins within the saliva of Ctenocephalides felis Classical T1 hypersensitivity with late-phase response Involve skin of tail base and hindlimbs
37
What happens when dogs get FAD?
Cutaneous lesions may become chronic due to self-trauma and secondary infection Develop tolerance Develop allergic reactions to other arthropods
38
Canine Atopic Dermatitis causative allergens
Indoor allergens like dust mites Most significant allergen Der f15 (98 kDa chitinase enzyme)
39
Lesions of Canine AD
Erythematous and pruritic lesions that affect the face and feet (may become generalized) Progress from chronic self-trauma and secondary bacterial and yeast infections
40
Receptor for IgE
Fc epsilon RI Involved in the allergy disorder and parasites immunity
41
Most common dietary components where animals develop IgE
Beef, chicken, milk, eggs, corn, wheat and soy
42
What happens when dogs develop a dietary hypersensitivity?
Pruritic cutaneous disease Few animals have primary GI disease (vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss) Dominant CD8+ infiltration
43
T cell receptors infiltration
CD8+ T cell infiltration of lesional epidermis CD4+ T cell infiltration of lesional dermis
44
Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH)
Horse affected with range of allergic disorders Most significant: biting midges of genus Culicoides
45
What does IBH cause?
Urticarial reactions may develop Pruritic skin disease with self-trauma of mane and tail regions

2. Immunology (24 decks)

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