Immune Cells

Question 1

Immune cells

Answer 1

Develop from stem cells in the bone marrow
Become different types of WBCs and immune cells

Question 2

B cells

Answer 2

Arise from bone marrow
Differentiate into plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Question 3

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 3

Mature in the thymus
Responsible for killing cancer cells and cells infected with a virus

Question 4

Helper T cells

Answer 4

Specialized lymphocytes
Help other T cells and B cells perform their functions

Question 5

Plasma cells

Answer 5

Develop from B cells
Make immunoglobulin (antibodies)

Question 6

Neutrophils

Answer 6

Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN)
Phagocytosis
Short lifespan (few hours)

Question 7

What does the neutrophil engage with?

Answer 7

Microbe
Coated with specific antibody and complement which signal to the neutrophil that it should attack

Question 8

Once phagocytized by neutrophil, what happens to the bacteria?

Answer 8

Enzymes and toxic chemicals are discharged into the pocket containing the bacteria

Question 9

Neutrophilia

Answer 9

Increase in # of neutrophils in bloodstream caused by inflammation
3,000- 12,000 per mL of 40-60%

Question 10

Neutropenia

Answer 10

Decrease in # of neutrophils in bloodstream
Occurs in all species during overwhelming bacterial infections
Adverse reaction to drugs

Question 11

Viral infections in dogs and cats that may cause transient neutropenia

Answer 11

Dog: parvo, distemper
Cat: panleukopenia, feline leukemia virus

Question 12

Viral infections in horses that may cause transient neutropenia

Answer 12

Equine influenza, equine viral arteritis, equine herpes

Question 13

Viral infections in cattle and pigs that may cause transient neutropenia

Answer 13

Cattle: Bovine viral diarrhea virus
Pig: African and classical swine fever

Question 14

What causes neutropenia?

Answer 14

WBCs sticking to the walls of damaged BVs, destruction of neutrophils, reduced formation in bone marrow

Question 15

Monocytes

Answer 15

Develop into macrophages when migrating to tissues
Phagocytosis
Adaptive immunity
100-1800 of these per each mL of dog’s blood, 0-850/ microliter in cat a

Question 16

Monocytosis

Answer 16

Chronic inflammatory conditions, endocarditis, bacteriemia, corticosteroid/ stress response

Question 17

RBCs

Answer 17

In the bloodstream
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

Question 18

Platelets

Answer 18

Small cells in the bloodstream
Blood clot

Question 19

Dendritic cells

Answer 19

Instruct T cells on what to attack
Antigen-presenting cells

Question 20

Macrophages

Answer 20

Phagocytosis
Removes dead cells
Stimulates action of other immune system cells

Question 21

Mast Cells

Answer 21

Responds to bacteria and parasites
Help control other types of immune responses
Contain histamine, heparin, cytokines (TNF, IL-4, IL-13) and GFs

Question 22

Natural Killer cells

Answer 22

Has granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus

Question 23

What are the largest type of WBC?

Answer 23

Monocytes

Question 24

How long do monocytes circulate through the blood?

Answer 24

1-3 days
Blood level: 2-8%

Question 25

What are macrophages called in the kidney?

Answer 25

Renal macrophages (RMs)

Question 26

What are macrophages called in the liver?

Answer 26

Kupfer cells
Express macrophage biomakers

Question 27

What are macrophages called in the lungs?

Answer 27

Alveolar macrophages
Found in the pulmonary alveolus and “clean” repsiratory surfaces

Question 28

What are macrophages called in LNs?

Answer 28

Sinus histiocytes
Immobile macrophages found in the medullary sinuses

Question 29

What are macrophages called in the plancenta?

Answer 29

Hofbauer cells (HBCs)
Prevent vertical transmission of pathogens from mother to fetus

Question 30

What are macrophages called in the skin?

Answer 30

Langerhans
Dendritic cels in the skin and mucosa associated with HIV, HPV and LCH

Question 31

Eosinophilia

Answer 31

Increase in eosinophils (allergic reaction, parasites)
In dogs normal value is 4%

Question 32

Eosinopenia

Answer 32

Decrease in eosinophils
Common reaction to stress or treatment with corticosteroids

Question 33

Basophils

Answer 33

Rare in domestic animals
Produce histamine and also involved in allergic reactions and parasites
Less than 1% in blood

Question 34

Basophilia

Answer 34

Increase in basophils
Uncommon
Occurs in some dogs with heart worm disease or babesiosis

Question 35

Lymphocytosis

Answer 35

Increase in lymphocytes
Caused by certain hormones, infections, chronic diseases and leukemia
20-40% in blood

Question 36

Lymphopenia

Answer 36

Decrease in # of lymphocytes
Caused by corticosteroids , viral infections, decreased production of lymphocytes, hereditary diseases

Question 37

Leukemia

Answer 37

Malignant cancer, increase in abnormal WBC

Question 38

Lymphoma

Answer 38

Cancer of certain WBCs
Begins in LN or lymphoid tissue
Common in skin, eye, CNS and bone

Question 39

Malignant Lymphoma

Answer 39

Common, progressive and deadly in dogs
Caused by viral infection, environmental contamination with herbicides, magnetic field exposure, genetic abnormalities, dysfunction of immune system

Question 40

Where can malignant lymphoma be found?

Answer 40

Multicentric
Alimentary
Mediastinal
Extranodal (kidneys, CNS, skin)