Immune Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Immune cells

A

Develop from stem cells in the bone marrow
Become different types of WBCs and immune cells

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2
Q

B cells

A

Arise from bone marrow
Differentiate into plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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3
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Mature in the thymus
Responsible for killing cancer cells and cells infected with a virus

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4
Q

Helper T cells

A

Specialized lymphocytes
Help other T cells and B cells perform their functions

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5
Q

Plasma cells

A

Develop from B cells
Make immunoglobulin (antibodies)

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN)
Phagocytosis
Short lifespan (few hours)

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7
Q

What does the neutrophil engage with?

A

Microbe
Coated with specific antibody and complement which signal to the neutrophil that it should attack

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8
Q

Once phagocytized by neutrophil, what happens to the bacteria?

A

Enzymes and toxic chemicals are discharged into the pocket containing the bacteria

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9
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increase in # of neutrophils in bloodstream caused by inflammation
3,000- 12,000 per mL of 40-60%

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10
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decrease in # of neutrophils in bloodstream
Occurs in all species during overwhelming bacterial infections
Adverse reaction to drugs

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11
Q

Viral infections in dogs and cats that may cause transient neutropenia

A

Dog: parvo, distemper
Cat: panleukopenia, feline leukemia virus

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12
Q

Viral infections in horses that may cause transient neutropenia

A

Equine influenza, equine viral arteritis, equine herpes

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13
Q

Viral infections in cattle and pigs that may cause transient neutropenia

A

Cattle: Bovine viral diarrhea virus
Pig: African and classical swine fever

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14
Q

What causes neutropenia?

A

WBCs sticking to the walls of damaged BVs, destruction of neutrophils, reduced formation in bone marrow

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15
Q

Monocytes

A

Develop into macrophages when migrating to tissues
Phagocytosis
Adaptive immunity
100-1800 of these per each mL of dog’s blood, 0-850/ microliter in cat a

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16
Q

Monocytosis

A

Chronic inflammatory conditions, endocarditis, bacteriemia, corticosteroid/ stress response

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17
Q

RBCs

A

In the bloodstream
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

18
Q

Platelets

A

Small cells in the bloodstream
Blood clot

19
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Instruct T cells on what to attack
Antigen-presenting cells

20
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
Removes dead cells
Stimulates action of other immune system cells

21
Q

Mast Cells

A

Responds to bacteria and parasites
Help control other types of immune responses
Contain histamine, heparin, cytokines (TNF, IL-4, IL-13) and GFs

22
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

Has granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus

23
Q

What are the largest type of WBC?

A

Monocytes

24
Q

How long do monocytes circulate through the blood?

A

1-3 days
Blood level: 2-8%

25
Q

What are macrophages called in the kidney?

A

Renal macrophages (RMs)

26
Q

What are macrophages called in the liver?

A

Kupfer cells
Express macrophage biomakers

27
Q

What are macrophages called in the lungs?

A

Alveolar macrophages
Found in the pulmonary alveolus and “clean” repsiratory surfaces

28
Q

What are macrophages called in LNs?

A

Sinus histiocytes
Immobile macrophages found in the medullary sinuses

29
Q

What are macrophages called in the plancenta?

A

Hofbauer cells (HBCs)
Prevent vertical transmission of pathogens from mother to fetus

30
Q

What are macrophages called in the skin?

A

Langerhans
Dendritic cels in the skin and mucosa associated with HIV, HPV and LCH

31
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Increase in eosinophils (allergic reaction, parasites)
In dogs normal value is 4%

32
Q

Eosinopenia

A

Decrease in eosinophils
Common reaction to stress or treatment with corticosteroids

33
Q

Basophils

A

Rare in domestic animals
Produce histamine and also involved in allergic reactions and parasites
Less than 1% in blood

34
Q

Basophilia

A

Increase in basophils
Uncommon
Occurs in some dogs with heart worm disease or babesiosis

35
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Increase in lymphocytes
Caused by certain hormones, infections, chronic diseases and leukemia
20-40% in blood

36
Q

Lymphopenia

A

Decrease in # of lymphocytes
Caused by corticosteroids , viral infections, decreased production of lymphocytes, hereditary diseases

37
Q

Leukemia

A

Malignant cancer, increase in abnormal WBC

38
Q

Lymphoma

A

Cancer of certain WBCs
Begins in LN or lymphoid tissue
Common in skin, eye, CNS and bone

39
Q

Malignant Lymphoma

A

Common, progressive and deadly in dogs
Caused by viral infection, environmental contamination with herbicides, magnetic field exposure, genetic abnormalities, dysfunction of immune system

40
Q

Where can malignant lymphoma be found?

A

Multicentric
Alimentary
Mediastinal
Extranodal (kidneys, CNS, skin)