vaccines

Question 1

what was the first vaccine developed

Answer 1

small pox

Question 2

what are vaccines

Answer 2

They stimulate immune memory which allows the body to be prepared to fight off infection next time the body is “challenged” by a pathogen.

Question 3

what are vaccine prophylactics

Answer 3

prepare the immune system to defend the body against infection

Question 4

what are therapeutics

Answer 4

interventions which are undertaken during infection or illness to help the body fight disease such as antibodies

Question 5

what is herd immunity

Answer 5

level of immunity within a population that stops the spread of a virus

Question 6

what is the R0

Answer 6

R0 is average number of cases of an infectious disease arising by transmission from a single infected individual in a population that has not previously encountered disease.

Question 7

what is the percentage of people who must be immune to prevent virus spread

Answer 7

50-70

Question 8

what are the two components of a vaccine

Answer 8

vector/platform and antigen target

Question 9

what is the vector or platform

Answer 9

the delivery system

Question 10

what is the antigen target

Answer 10

part of the virus that produces an immune response

Question 11

what is an adjuvant

Answer 11

sometimes added to vaccines to help mimic inflammatory effects on infection

Question 12

what does each influenza contain

Answer 12

a head and stem domain

Question 13

what are the three types of vaccine

Answer 13

1. Whole inactivated virus
2. Split inactivated virus
3. Live attenuated influenza virus

Question 14

what is a live attenuated virus

Answer 14

virus is grown in certain conditions using substances to limit the growth

Question 15

which part of influenza is highly variable

Answer 15

head domain

Question 16

what are three approaches developed to design a new antigen for influenza vaccines

Answer 16

1. targeting conserved regions of HA
2. targeting conserved internal proteins
3. targeting restricted immunogenic epitopes

Question 17

what is Targeting conserved regions of HA

Answer 17

This concept avoids targeting the head domain because it is more variable, instead it aims on targeting the stem regions.
- Focus on boosting T and B cell memory

Question 18

what is targeting conserved internal proteins

Answer 18

Like stem targeted vaccines, approach tries to avoid targeting the head domain.
- Induces T cell mediated response against internal proteins.

Question 19

what is targetting restricted immunogenic epitopes

Answer 19

Targets high immunogenic regions in the head domain of HA, these regions appear to restrict the evolution of flu