principles of pandemics

Question 1

what causes changes in influenza

Answer 1

antigen drift and antigen shift

Question 2

is the bubonic plague a zoonotic disease

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

how is quarantine determined

Answer 3

incubation period, infectious period and changes on the disease

Question 4

what is the prioritisation criteria for pathogens

Answer 4

1. human transmission
2. medical countermeasures
3. severity
4. human/animal interface
5. public health context
6. potential societal impacts
7. evolutionary potential
8. other factors

Question 5

why are pathogens increasing with pandemic potential?

Answer 5

1. global travel
2. urbanisation
3. climate change
4. increased human animal contact
5. health worker shortage

Question 6

what makes a disease severe

Answer 6

transmissibility and case fatality risk

Question 7

what are the stages of a pandemic

Answer 7

1. no known cases
2. few cases or clusters
3. widespread community transmission

Question 8

what are the stages of an emergency response

Answer 8

1. Prevention
2. Preparedness
3. Response
4. Recovery

Question 9

what are examples of case-based interventions

Answer 9

testing and contact tracing, rapidly detect and isolate cases

Question 10

what are examples of population-based interventions

Answer 10

face masks, physical distancing, work from hone

Question 11

what are the stages of vaccine development

Answer 11

Discovery: development of the vaccine
Phase 1: given to a small group of healthy people
Phase 2: determine safety effectiveness
Phase 3: safety and effectiveness, dose, side effects
Regulatory: review and approval
Phase 4: surveillance for adverse events