L1.1 introduction to health diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three domains of public health?

A

health improvement, health protection, health & social quality

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2
Q

what is health protection?

A

protection if individuals, groups & populations through expert advice to mitigate & prevent the impact of infectious disease environment

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3
Q

what is epidemiology

A

the study of distribution & determinants of health-related states among specified populations

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4
Q

what is field epidemiology

A

describes investigations initiated in response to urgent public health problems, implement measures as quickly as possible

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5
Q

what is the primary goal of field epidemiology

A

to implement measures as quickly as possible to lessen or prevent illness & death

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6
Q

what is the purpose of epidemiology in public health

A

identifying populations who are at risk of certain diseases, assessing the effectiveness of interventions, determining importance of cause of illness.

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7
Q

what are communicable diseases

A

are infectious diseases which are transmitted by direct contact with an affected individual or by their discharges such as cough or semen

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8
Q

what is the chain of infection

A
infectious agents 
reservoirs 
portals of exit 
modes of transmission 
portals of entry 
susceptible host
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9
Q

what are infectious agents

A

infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, disease and incubation period

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10
Q

what are host factors

A

exposure, susceptibility and response to the agent

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11
Q

methods to prevent infectious Diseases

A

health education, screening, immunisation, PPEE

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12
Q

what are environmental factors

A

water supply, sanitation facilities, overcrowding, food and climate

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13
Q

what are the modes of transmission

A

direct & indirect

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14
Q

examples of direct transmission

A

touching, kissing, droplets and sexual contact

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15
Q

examples indirect modes of transmission

A

faecal-oral, vehicle, vector and airborne

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16
Q

how do tears prevent against pathogens

A

lysozyme kill many bacteria and tears wash away irritating substances

17
Q

how does the skin prevent against pathogens

A

provides as a physical barrier, sweat & oil gland secretions kill many bacteria

18
Q

how does the large intestine prevent against pathogens

A

normal bacterial inhabitants keep invaders in check

19
Q

how does saliva prevent against pathogens

A

washes microbes from the teeth and mucous membranes

20
Q

how does the respiratory tract prevent against pathogens

A

mucus traps organisms and cilia sweeps trapped organisms away

21
Q

how does the stomach prevent against pathogens

A

acidic pH kills organisms

22
Q

how does the bladder prevent against pathogens

A

urine washes microbes from the urethra

23
Q

what is an outbreak

A

a disease occurrence among a specified population that is more than expected at the time and in the place

24
Q

what is a cluster

A

a group of cases in a specific time & place that might be more than expected

25
what is an endemic
a disease or condition present among a population always
26
what is a pandemic
a disease or condition that spreads across all regions
27
what is R0
a figure expressing the average number of cases of an infectious disease which arise from transmission of one single infected individual
28
what do rates help with?
they help us compare health problems among different populations
29
what is prevalence
a measure of how common a disease is
30
what are the types of prevalence
point, period and lifetime
31
what is point prevalence
proportion of individuals with the condition at a specific point int time
32
what is period prevalence
proportion of individuals with the condition at any time during a specific time interval
33
what is lifetime prevalence
proportion of individuals with the condition at any point in their life
34
what is incidence
the rate at which new events occur in a population over a defined period