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infection > L1.1 introduction to health diseases > Flashcards

L1.1 introduction to health diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three domains of public health?

A

health improvement, health protection, health & social quality

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2
Q

what is health protection?

A

protection if individuals, groups & populations through expert advice to mitigate & prevent the impact of infectious disease environment

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3
Q

what is epidemiology

A

the study of distribution & determinants of health-related states among specified populations

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4
Q

what is field epidemiology

A

describes investigations initiated in response to urgent public health problems, implement measures as quickly as possible

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5
Q

what is the primary goal of field epidemiology

A

to implement measures as quickly as possible to lessen or prevent illness & death

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6
Q

what is the purpose of epidemiology in public health

A

identifying populations who are at risk of certain diseases, assessing the effectiveness of interventions, determining importance of cause of illness.

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7
Q

what are communicable diseases

A

are infectious diseases which are transmitted by direct contact with an affected individual or by their discharges such as cough or semen

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8
Q

what is the chain of infection

A 
infectious agents 
reservoirs 
portals of exit 
modes of transmission 
portals of entry 
susceptible host
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9
Q

what are infectious agents

A

infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, disease and incubation period

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10
Q

what are host factors

A

exposure, susceptibility and response to the agent

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11
Q

methods to prevent infectious Diseases

A

health education, screening, immunisation, PPEE

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12
Q

what are environmental factors

A

water supply, sanitation facilities, overcrowding, food and climate

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13
Q

what are the modes of transmission

A

direct & indirect

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14
Q

examples of direct transmission

A

touching, kissing, droplets and sexual contact

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15
Q

examples indirect modes of transmission

A

faecal-oral, vehicle, vector and airborne

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16
Q

how do tears prevent against pathogens

A

lysozyme kill many bacteria and tears wash away irritating substances

17
Q

how does the skin prevent against pathogens

A

provides as a physical barrier, sweat & oil gland secretions kill many bacteria

18
Q

how does the large intestine prevent against pathogens

A

normal bacterial inhabitants keep invaders in check

19
Q

how does saliva prevent against pathogens

A

washes microbes from the teeth and mucous membranes

20
Q

how does the respiratory tract prevent against pathogens

A

mucus traps organisms and cilia sweeps trapped organisms away

21
Q

how does the stomach prevent against pathogens

A

acidic pH kills organisms

22
Q

how does the bladder prevent against pathogens

A

urine washes microbes from the urethra

23
Q

what is an outbreak

A

a disease occurrence among a specified population that is more than expected at the time and in the place

24
Q

what is a cluster

A

a group of cases in a specific time & place that might be more than expected

25
Q

what is an endemic

A

a disease or condition present among a population always

26
Q

what is a pandemic

A

a disease or condition that spreads across all regions

27
Q

what is R0

A

a figure expressing the average number of cases of an infectious disease which arise from transmission of one single infected individual

28
Q

what do rates help with?

A

they help us compare health problems among different populations

29
Q

what is prevalence

A

a measure of how common a disease is

30
Q

what are the types of prevalence

A

point, period and lifetime

31
Q

what is point prevalence

A

proportion of individuals with the condition at a specific point int time

32
Q

what is period prevalence

A

proportion of individuals with the condition at any time during a specific time interval

33
Q

what is lifetime prevalence

A

proportion of individuals with the condition at any point in their life

34
Q

what is incidence

A

the rate at which new events occur in a population over a defined period

infection (46 decks)

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