L1.1 introduction to health diseases Flashcards
what are the three domains of public health?
health improvement, health protection, health & social quality
what is health protection?
protection if individuals, groups & populations through expert advice to mitigate & prevent the impact of infectious disease environment
what is epidemiology
the study of distribution & determinants of health-related states among specified populations
what is field epidemiology
describes investigations initiated in response to urgent public health problems, implement measures as quickly as possible
what is the primary goal of field epidemiology
to implement measures as quickly as possible to lessen or prevent illness & death
what is the purpose of epidemiology in public health
identifying populations who are at risk of certain diseases, assessing the effectiveness of interventions, determining importance of cause of illness.
what are communicable diseases
are infectious diseases which are transmitted by direct contact with an affected individual or by their discharges such as cough or semen
what is the chain of infection
infectious agents reservoirs portals of exit modes of transmission portals of entry susceptible host
what are infectious agents
infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, disease and incubation period
what are host factors
exposure, susceptibility and response to the agent
methods to prevent infectious Diseases
health education, screening, immunisation, PPEE
what are environmental factors
water supply, sanitation facilities, overcrowding, food and climate
what are the modes of transmission
direct & indirect
examples of direct transmission
touching, kissing, droplets and sexual contact
examples indirect modes of transmission
faecal-oral, vehicle, vector and airborne
how do tears prevent against pathogens
lysozyme kill many bacteria and tears wash away irritating substances
how does the skin prevent against pathogens
provides as a physical barrier, sweat & oil gland secretions kill many bacteria
how does the large intestine prevent against pathogens
normal bacterial inhabitants keep invaders in check
how does saliva prevent against pathogens
washes microbes from the teeth and mucous membranes
how does the respiratory tract prevent against pathogens
mucus traps organisms and cilia sweeps trapped organisms away
how does the stomach prevent against pathogens
acidic pH kills organisms
how does the bladder prevent against pathogens
urine washes microbes from the urethra
what is an outbreak
a disease occurrence among a specified population that is more than expected at the time and in the place
what is a cluster
a group of cases in a specific time & place that might be more than expected
what is an endemic
a disease or condition present among a population always
what is a pandemic
a disease or condition that spreads across all regions
what is R0
a figure expressing the average number of cases of an infectious disease which arise from transmission of one single infected individual
what do rates help with?
they help us compare health problems among different populations
what is prevalence
a measure of how common a disease is
what are the types of prevalence
point, period and lifetime
what is point prevalence
proportion of individuals with the condition at a specific point int time
what is period prevalence
proportion of individuals with the condition at any time during a specific time interval
what is lifetime prevalence
proportion of individuals with the condition at any point in their life
what is incidence
the rate at which new events occur in a population over a defined period
