plasmodium and malaria

Question 1

what is malaria is characterised by

Answer 1

bouts of fever occurring every other day

Question 2

what are the two types of malaria

Answer 2

uncomplicated and complicated

Question 3

what are the symptoms of uncomplicated malaria

Answer 3

fever, parasitanemia, anaemia

Question 4

what the symptoms of complicated malaria

Answer 4

severe anaemia, cerebral malaria (coma/death)

Question 5

what is complicated malaria caused by

Answer 5

P.faliciparum

Question 6

what parasite causes the most deaths in humans from malaria

Answer 6

plasmodium falciparum

Question 7

what happens to RBC when they are infected by malaria

Answer 7

change shape and develop “knobs”

Question 8

what do infected RBC knobs contained

Answer 8

pfEMP1, only P.falciporum does

Question 9

what is cytoadhesion

Answer 9

the RBC “knob” is sticky and kind to bind to several receptors, they stick to:

a. non-infected erythrocytes forming rosettes
b. blood vessel endothelial cells

Question 10

what are rosettes

Answer 10

formation of sticky knobs sticking to non-infected erythrocytes

Question 11

what is sequestration

Answer 11

when non-infected erythrocytes becomes rigid from absorbing the plasmodium proteins on the surface

Question 12

what does sequestration cause

Answer 12

causes vascular occlusion blocking the blood flow

Question 13

what is cerebral malaria

Answer 13

block capillaries in the brain leads to it becoming swollen and congested leading to haemorrhage and death

Question 14

what causes cerebral malaria

Answer 14

sequestration

Question 15

what is the plasmodium vector

Answer 15

mosquito

Question 16

what is the host of the plasmodium

Answer 16

human

Question 17

what does the mosquitos salvia contain

Answer 17

anti-clotting chemicals

Question 18

what are sporozoites

Answer 18

injected parasite into the host skin

Question 19

50% of sporozoites are killed by

Answer 19

killed by immune cells

Question 20

what % of sporozoites continue development

Answer 20

35%

Question 21

what is the sporozoites stages in invasion and development

Answer 21

1. sporozoites first attach to the kupffer cells and cross into the liver
2. sporozoites transmitigate through several hepatocytes to pass through cell membrane without them rupturing.
3. invasion mode, sporozoites start to replicate inside the parasitous vacuole PV
4. forms multinucleate schizont, forms thousands of merozites
5. merozites rupture the PV membrane and enter the host cytoplasm
6. merozoites are carried in the vesicles and released into the lungs where they infected RBCs

Question 22

what type of plasmodium leaves the liver

Answer 22

merozites

Question 23

what happens to the merozites in the RBC

Answer 23

merozite undergoes multiple nuclear divisions to produce more merozites

Question 24

what is gametocytogenesis

Answer 24

where merozites must differentiate into transmissible gametocytes inside the erythrocyte to continue infecting other vectors once they bite

Question 25

what happens to the gametocytes in the mosquito

Answer 25

the mosquito change the pH, temp and exposure stimulates gametocytes to differentiate into gametes

Question 26

what happens to the gametes upon maturation

Answer 26

the sporozoites are related into the heamlymph circulation of the mosquito and travel to the salivary glands

Question 27

how does sickle cell anaemia cause malaria resistance

Answer 27

sickle cells are very sticky and adhere to other cells, this blocks the blood vessels and prevents blood flow causing anaemia

Question 28

what are mechanisms of malarial protection

Answer 28

1. parasites are less likely to grow in sickled RNA 2. reduced sequestion 3. decreased rosette formation

Question 29

what is chloroquine

Answer 29

developed in 1934 but was too toxic for human use, was used to treat people malarial resistance