antimicrobial resistance 1 & 2

Question 1

anti-microbals encompass what?

Answer 1

antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasites and antivirals

Question 2

antimicrobials can target …

Answer 2

cell walls, protein synthesis and DNA/RNA synthesis

Question 3

how can do antimicrobials stop viruses reproducing

Answer 3

Inhibiting attachment of VIRUS to host cell
Inhibiting reproduction
inhibiting the virus leaving the cell

Question 4

what is the mechanism of antifungals

Answer 4

through the cell membrane although beta-glucagon inhibitors work through the cell wall

Question 5

is microbial resistance natural

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

what is accelerated microbial resistance

Answer 6

human lifestyle

Question 7

how can microbes gain resistance

Answer 7

1. spreading to other humans/animals

2. spread to other bacteria by horizontal genome transfer

Question 8

what is co-selection

Answer 8

plasmids can contain multiple resistant genes which when using antibiotics can cause the proliferation of the resistant bacterial genes

Question 9

what is disk diffusion

Answer 9

how close can microbes grow to the disc impregnant with antibiotics this forms zones of inhibition

Question 10

what does a small zone of inhibition mean

Answer 10

the bacteria is more resistant

Question 11

what is the minimum inhibitory concentration

Answer 11

minimum concentration that inhibits growth

Question 12

what is minimum bacterial concentration

Answer 12

minimal concentration needed to kill the bacteria

Question 13

what is the biggest driver for antimicrobial resistance

Answer 13

misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents

Question 14

globally what is the biggest driver for antimicrobial resistance

Answer 14

rapid travel and large dense/human animal populations

Question 15

what are the consequences of antimicrobial resistance

Answer 15

• infections are harder to treat associated with higher risk of death
• more expensive treatment
• increased length of stay at hospital

Question 16

what is the ‘one health’ approach

Answer 16

recognises the interconnections between humans, animals and environmental health

Question 17

what are the 4 C’s

Answer 17

cooking, cleaning, cross-contamination and chilling

Question 18

what is the global action plan for Antimicrobial resistance

Answer 18

1. improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance
2. to strengthen surveillance and research
3. to reduce incidence of infection

Question 19

what is the GLASS surveillance system

Answer 19

Global Antimicrobial resistance and use
surveillance system.
ensures consistent coverage globally by making the indicators the same.

Question 20

what have governments implemented to tackle antimicrobial resistance

Answer 20

‘pay the levy’
Netflix subscription
flemming fund

Question 21

what is the flaming fund

Answer 21

supports low/middle income countries

Question 22

what are pharmaceutical companies doing to reduce antimicrobial resistance

Answer 22

repurposing older drugs and testing new combination = expands drug lifespan

Question 23

what is ‘start smart’

Answer 23

only prescribing antibiotics if there is clear signs of infection unless it is sepsis

Question 24

what are the challenges of addressing antimicrobial resistance

Answer 24

1. global issue
2. approach needs to be population tailored
3. ethical issues
4. prevention paradox