antimicrobial resistance 1 & 2 Flashcards
anti-microbals encompass what?
antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasites and antivirals
antimicrobials can target …
cell walls, protein synthesis and DNA/RNA synthesis
how can do antimicrobials stop viruses reproducing
Inhibiting attachment of VIRUS to host cell
Inhibiting reproduction
inhibiting the virus leaving the cell
what is the mechanism of antifungals
through the cell membrane although beta-glucagon inhibitors work through the cell wall
is microbial resistance natural
yes
what is accelerated microbial resistance
human lifestyle
how can microbes gain resistance
- spreading to other humans/animals
2. spread to other bacteria by horizontal genome transfer
what is co-selection
plasmids can contain multiple resistant genes which when using antibiotics can cause the proliferation of the resistant bacterial genes
what is disk diffusion
how close can microbes grow to the disc impregnant with antibiotics this forms zones of inhibition
what does a small zone of inhibition mean
the bacteria is more resistant
what is the minimum inhibitory concentration
minimum concentration that inhibits growth
what is minimum bacterial concentration
minimal concentration needed to kill the bacteria
what is the biggest driver for antimicrobial resistance
misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents
globally what is the biggest driver for antimicrobial resistance
rapid travel and large dense/human animal populations
what are the consequences of antimicrobial resistance
- infections are harder to treat associated with higher risk of death
- more expensive treatment
- increased length of stay at hospital
what is the ‘one health’ approach
recognises the interconnections between humans, animals and environmental health
what are the 4 C’s
cooking, cleaning, cross-contamination and chilling
what is the global action plan for Antimicrobial resistance
- improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance
- to strengthen surveillance and research
- to reduce incidence of infection
what is the GLASS surveillance system
Global Antimicrobial resistance and use
surveillance system.
ensures consistent coverage globally by making the indicators the same.
what have governments implemented to tackle antimicrobial resistance
‘pay the levy’
Netflix subscription
flemming fund
what is the flaming fund
supports low/middle income countries
what are pharmaceutical companies doing to reduce antimicrobial resistance
repurposing older drugs and testing new combination = expands drug lifespan
what is ‘start smart’
only prescribing antibiotics if there is clear signs of infection unless it is sepsis
what are the challenges of addressing antimicrobial resistance
- global issue
- approach needs to be population tailored
- ethical issues
- prevention paradox
