Uterine Diseases

Question 1

What are the 4 main inflammatory disorders of the uterus?

Answer 1

1. Ascending infection through the cervix
2. Hematogenous
3. Descending from the ovary via the uterine tube
4. Direct penetration from a foreign body
5. Transneural with recrudescence of herpesvirus infection

Question 2

What are the three main inflammatory uterine disorders?

Answer 2

• Endometritis
• Metritis
• Pyometra

Question 3

What is endometritis?

Answer 3

inflammation of the endometrium

Question 4

What is metritis?

Answer 4

inflammation of all the layers of the uterine wall

Question 5

What is pyometra?

Answer 5

• accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen

Question 6

What is pyometra sequelae to?

Answer 6

endometritis or metritis

Question 7

What does severe endometritis look like?

Answer 7

swollen and corrugated mucosa, adherent fibrin
and necrotic debris

Question 8

What causes endometritis in mares?

Answer 8

Tylorella equigenitalis

Question 9

What does mare endoemetritis look like?

Answer 9

Inflammation of endometrium, uterine tubes, cervix and vagina
along with mucopurulent discharge for 2-3 weeks

Question 10

What does endometritis in cattle look like?

Answer 10

• Severe
• Enlarged and flabby uterus
• lumen contains dark brown discharge
• endometrium is red and swollen

Question 11

What is metritis?

Answer 11

Inflammation of all the layers of the uterine wall

Question 12

What are the clinical signs of metritis?

Answer 12

• Thickened uterine wall
• Commonly foul smelling fluid
• it is more advanced and severe than endometrosis

Question 13

What three reasons may cause an ascending infection through the cervix?

Answer 13

• insemination
• excessive vaginal contamination
• postpartum and retained fetal membranes

Question 14

What is the uterosacral ligament?

Answer 14

Thick supportive band of tissue that connects the lower part of the uterus to the base of the spine

Question 15

What is the perimetrium?

Answer 15

Outer serosal layer of the uterus, secretes a lubricating fluid that reduces friction

Question 16

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 16

• Endothelium has been desquamated, with only a thin layer of endothelial stroma remaining
• with added oestrogen stromal and epithelial cells proliferate rapidly
• followed by increased thickness of the glands and mucus production (neovascularisation)

Question 17

What does progesterone do during the secretory phase?

Answer 17

Progesterone causes swelling and secreory development of the endometrium, with increased mucus production to produce highly secretory endometrium with large amounts of nutrients for implantation of fertilised ovum

Question 18

What occurs with the corpus luteum during the menstrual phase?

Answer 18

• Ovum is not fertilised
• Corpus luteum involutes
• Progesterone and oestrogen decrease to low levels

Question 19

What hormones peak during ovulation?

Answer 19

• Oestrogen
• LH
• FSH

Question 20

What is ovotestis?

Answer 20

An organ that produces both ova and spermatozoa

Question 21

What is segmental aplasia of the uterus?

Answer 21

Portion of the uterine horn does not develop

Question 22

What is very common alongside salpingitis?

Answer 22

Ashesions of the infundibulum in the mare

Question 23

What is pyosalpinx frequently associated with?

Answer 23

Bursal adhesions and local peritonitis

Question 24

How may dystocia cause metritis?

Answer 24

• Uterus under the influence of progesterone
• Traumatic lacerations of the birth canal
• Uterine inertia- causes reduced clearance

Question 25

What two exudate types are there for pyometra?

Answer 25

* Viscid, Brown = E.coli * Creamy/ Yellow = Streptococcus

Question 26

What are the clinical signs of pyometra?

Answer 26

Anorexia, Vomiting, DEpression, Vaginal discharge

Question 27

What lesions are associated with pyometra?

Answer 27

* Extramedullary haematopoiesis * Immune complex glomerulopathy

Question 28

Name three things a mare can do during gestation to cause torsion

Answer 28

* Mare rolling * Vigorous movements * Low foetal fluid volume

Question 29

What is ruminant prolapse associated with?

Answer 29

* Prolonged dystocia * Retained placenta * Post-Parturient hypocalcaemia * Ingestion of estrogenic plants

Question 30

How does prolapse go on to cause sepsis?

Answer 30

1. Vascular comprimise 2. Congestion and Oedema 3. Ischaemia and necrosis 4. Sepsis

Question 31

Name three things that can cause uterine rupture

Answer 31

* Sequel to torsion * Severe/ Prolonged dystocia

Question 32

What does rupture of the uterine artery cause?

Answer 32

* Postpartum haemorrhage * Bleeding into the peritoneal cavity-> life-threatening

Question 33

What is the suggested cause of uterine artery rupture?

Answer 33

Weakening of the artery wall and multiple pregnancies

Question 34

What causes Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia?

Answer 34

Increase progesterone during the diestrul period then causes hypertrophy/ hyperplasia of endometrial glands

Question 35

What is CEH pyometra syndrome?

Answer 35

Stimulation for the pyometrium to undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy by bacteria, initially low-grade- sublcinical infection causes the endometrium to proliferate

Question 36

What is endomyosis?

Answer 36

* Endometrial tissue in the myometrium * Malformation arising from hyperplastic overgrowth * occurs in bitches with CEH

Question 37

What is endometriosis?

Answer 37

* Endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity * Human/ Non-Human Primates * Usually in the abdominal cavity, chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and subfertility

Question 38

What is infectious pustular vulvovaginitis of cattle?

Answer 38

* Bovine Herpes Virus * Highly contagious * Causes oedema and haemorrhage

Question 39

What does infectious pustular vulvovaginitis look like histologically?

Answer 39

* Pack-like foci, elevated, pale , soft and friable