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VMS 2006 > Imaging of the Urological system > Flashcards

Imaging of the Urological system Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Roentgen sign?

A

abnormal finding in radiographs that are used to describe diseases and other conditions in radiographs

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2
Q

What may an irregular kidney shape on a radiograph indicate?

A
  • End-stage renal disease
  • Neoplasia
  • Polycystic kidney disease
  • Abscesses/ Granuloma
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3
Q

Which kidney is more cranial?

A

Right kidney is more cranial, they often overlap on a lateral view

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4
Q

What may an increased radiopacity show in the kidneys?

A
  • Nephrocalcinosis
  • Metabolic disease
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Ethylene glycol toxicity
  • Uroliths
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5
Q

What may a decreased radiopacity show in the kidneys?

A
  • IVU- Loss of functional nephrons
  • Hydronephrosis
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6
Q

What does reduced margination show in the kidneys?

A

Retroperitoneal haemorrhage (trauma)

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7
Q

What is the opacity of the bladder on a radiograph?

A

Soft-tissue opacity, can identify mineralisation

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8
Q

What is a pneumocystogram?

A

Radiography of the bladder after it has been injected with air

negative contrast

highlights the bladder wall

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9
Q

Where may you see bladder neoplasia?

A
  • Trigone region
    (Transitional cell carcinoma)
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10
Q

Where may you see bladder inflammation?

A

Cranioventral view
thickening of the bladder wall

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11
Q

What does a positive bladder contrast look like?

A
  • Iodine based contrast medium
  • Highlights the loss of normal architecture
  • Provides better mucousal/ surface detail than negative contrast
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12
Q

What can you see on a positive contrast bladder radiography?

A
  • Ruptured bladder/ urethra
  • any congenital abnormalities
  • but.. may obscure calculi
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13
Q

How would you do a double contrast cystogram?

A
  • Pneumocystogram
  • Then introduce positive contrast
  • this provides optimal mucousal detail
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14
Q

What would you see on a contrast radiography of the bladder?

A
  • Identifies small intra-luminal lesions
  • highlights the wall thickness of the bladder
  • Highlights any filling defects (radiolucent masses within the bladder) (calculi and contrast lie in the centre of the bladder shadow
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15
Q

What is the average size of the cat kidney?

A

3.5cm (+/- 0.5) length

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16
Q

What are the benefits of ultrasound use in urinary studies?

A
  • Internal architecture of the kidney and bladder wall
  • Identify the causes of renal enlargement
  • Real time sampling
  • Evaluation of blood flow
  • superior detection of small calculi and sand-like material
17
Q

What are the limitations of ultrasound use in urinary studies?

A
  • Distal ureter hard to visualise unless severe dilation
  • Difficult to confirm the bladder rupture/ laceration
  • Not a global picture of the abdomen
18
Q

What is congenital aplasia?

A

absence of the kidney

19
Q

What is congenital hypoplasia?

A

small kidney

20
Q

What may acute nephritis look like?

A

increased echogenicity

21
Q

What may chronic nephritis look like?

A

small kidney, loss of corticomedullary contrast/ definition

22
Q

What does pyelonephritis look like?

A

dilation of pelvis and proximal ureter

23
Q

What does a kidney abscess look like?

A

focal renal, hypoechoci mass

24
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A

Hyperechoic with distal acoustic shadowing

25
Q

What does kidney trauma look like?

A
  • loss of normal architecture
  • hypoechoic to anechoic blood in the retroperitoneal space
26
Q

What does kidney neoplasia look like on a radiograph?

A

Loss of architecture but an increase in size

27
Q

What does polycystic kidney disease look like?

A

Thin-walled structures containing hypoechoic/ anechoic fluid

28
Q

What does ethylene glycol look like on a kidney radiograph?

A
  • Increased echogenicity cortex
  • Loss of differentiation
29
Q

What does amyloidosis look like on a kidney radiograph?

A
  • Increased echogenicity
  • reduced corticomedullary differentiation
  • thick hyperechoic perineal tissue
30
Q

What does hydronephrosis look like on an ultrasound radiograph?

A
  • Dilation of the renal pelvis
  • large kidney
  • indicates obstruction if the pelvis >7mm

VMS 2006 (23 decks)

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