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VMS 2006 > Clinical aspects of mammary gland disease > Flashcards

Clinical aspects of mammary gland disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two tests you can perform to test for mastitis

A
  • CMT (california milk test)
  • SCC (want this to be below 200,000)
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2
Q

What is the mammary gland skin made out of?

A
  • Thick squamous epithelium
  • keratin
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3
Q

What is the teat end/ teat canal made up of?

A
  • Interlocking folds- prevent bacteria from entering
  • muscular sphincter
  • keratin
  • lymphoid tissue
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4
Q

Name the pathogenesis steps of mammary gland infection

The innate mechanism

A
  • Contamination of the teat end
  • invasion through the teat orifice
  • ascending infection
  • adherence of bacteria
  • bacterial colonisation
  • liberation of endotoxin
  • immune response and inflammation
  • milk and udder changes- pain and discomfort
  • systemic disease
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5
Q

How does milk flow help act as a defence

A

the flushing action removes bacteria

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6
Q

How does the teat canal act as a barrier?

A

Keratin lined and therefore provides a physical barrier

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7
Q

How does the teat sphincter act as an udder defence?

A

constriction of the teat sphincter occludes the teat orifice after milking

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8
Q

How does a keratin plug act as an udder defence?

A

It forms during the dry period and then occludes the teat canal

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9
Q

How does an udder commensal act as an udder defence?

A

Competitive exclusion from the natural flora

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10
Q

How does lactoferrin act as an udder defence?

A

Present in milk and colostrum;
Iron-chelating and bacteriostatic

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11
Q

What are the three cellular defences against mammary gland disease?

A
  • Cells (neutrophils,macrophages, lymphocytes)
  • Complement system
  • antibodies ( unsure of full importance)
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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the milk and udder changes?

during mastitis

A
  • Ducts and teat cistern fills with secretions
  • casein clots and serum leakage
  • fibrosis, alveoli are obliterated, localised involution
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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the udder changes?

A
  • Well demarcated zone of necrosis
  • haemorrhage and subcutaneous oedema
  • abscessation or gangrene
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14
Q

What gram are contagious pathogens?

A

gram positive

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15
Q

What gram are environmental pathogens

A

gram negative
this is usually more severe

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16
Q

What is the pathogenesis of staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • Hides in phagolysosomes
  • causes a strong inflammatory response
  • Increases the SCC
  • tendency to be chronic
  • intermittent excretion
  • gangrenous mastitis

gram pos

17
Q

What bacteria is both contagious and environmental?

A

Streptococcus uberis

18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of escheria coli?

A
  • has grades 1-4 clinical mastitis
  • chronic infection is rare
  • increase in somatic cell count
  • causes infection during the dry period

usually associated with hygeine issues

19
Q

What three causal organisms can cause mastitis in the dry gland?

A
  • T.pyogenes
  • peptococcus indolicus
  • S dysgalactiae
20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of summer mastitis?

A
  • Occurs in non-lactating glands
  • Sheep head flies cause teat damage
  • The damage is usually severe or irreversible
  • purulent discharge
  • chronic abscessation
21
Q

What organisms usually cause mastitis in sheep?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Manheimia haemolytica (Nasopharynx)
22
Q

What are the 4 defining points of Strep Agalactiae?

A
  1. Gram Positive (contagious)
  2. Obligate parasite of the mammary gland
  3. Proliferative
  4. Highly contagious in cloths, hands etc.
23
Q

What are the 4 defining points of Strep Dysgalactiae?

A
  1. Gram Positive
  2. Associated with teat-end damage
  3. Tonsillar Carriage
  4. Part of the summer mastitis complex
24
Q

What are the 4 defining points of Mycoplasma Bovis?

A
  1. Highly Contagious
  2. Arthritis, Pneumonia, Otitis
  3. Special Culture Media, PCR
  4. Poor response to antibiotics
25
Q

What are the 4 defining points of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci?

A
  1. Gram Positive
  2. Commensal teat end organisms
  3. Minor Pathogens
  4. High SCC
26
Q

When do strep uberis outbreaks usually occur?

A

In the summer

Reservoirs = cows

27
Q

What two other E.Coli Coliforms are there?

A
  • klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
28
Q

What is the summer mastitis complex?

A

Mastitis in the dry gland

usually caused by flies

29
Q

How does mastitis in sheep usually present?

A
  • Acute may be gangrenous
  • Chronic occurs post-weaning
  • Blind teat at lambing
30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of E.coli?

A
  • Grades 1-4 Clinical mastitis
  • Chronic Infection is rare
  • Occurs during the dry period
31
Q

What is E.coli associated with?

A
  • Environmental contamination
  • Housing associated
  • Gram Negative
  • Common
32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of mastitis in the dry gland?

A
  • Occurs in the non-lactating gland
  • Shhep head fly/ teat damage
  • Damage is severe and irreversible
  • Purulent discharge
  • Chronic abscessation
33
Q

What two organisms cause mastitis in sheep?

A
  • Staph aureus
  • Mannheimia haemolytica

VMS 2006 (25 decks)

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