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VMS 2006 > Pregnancy failure in ruminants I > Flashcards

Pregnancy failure in ruminants I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the female factors that affect failure of service?

A
  • Delayed uterine involution- due to uterus infection (not ready to recieve pregnancy)
  • Delayed return to cyclicity
  • Oestrus expression
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2
Q

What are the male factors that affect failure of service?

A
  • libido/ oestrus detection and mechanical failure in natural service
  • Oestrus detection/ AI technique in artifical insemination
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3
Q

What can cause delayed uterine involution?

A
  • Dystocia/ Assisted calving
  • Treatment and resolution of infection/ inflammation
  • Retained foetal membranes
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4
Q

What can cause a delayed return to cyclicity?

A
  • Negative energy balance
  • PP uterine inflammatory disease
  • cystic ovarian disease and anoestrus
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5
Q

What are some ‘cow factors’ that effect oestrus expression?

A
  • returning to cyclicity
  • reproductive health
  • General health and BCS
  • metabolic stress
  • Mobility/ lameness (basic hoof pathology)
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6
Q

What are some ‘management factors’ that effect oestrus expression?

A
  • loafing area access
  • underfoot conditions
  • sexually active group
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7
Q

What three things can make natural service unsuccessful?

A
  • Failure to mount
  • Failure of intromission
  • Failure of ejaculation
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8
Q

What may you observe when a cow is in oestrus?

A
  • Increased activity
  • standing to be mounted
  • occurs at least 30 minutes twice per day
  • they will be as far from milking/feeding as possible
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9
Q

What are two ways that oestrus can be detected for artificial insemination?

A
  • thick waxy paint/ tail paint
  • raddles/ chin marker
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10
Q

What is a pedometer used for?

A
  • Oestrus detection
  • detects increased activity
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11
Q

What are the male factors that affect conception?

A
  • semen quality
  • infectious agents
  • timing of AI
  • semen handling and AI technique
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12
Q

How can acyclicity effect a failure to ovulate?

A
  • reduced magnitude of an LH surge
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13
Q

What is an example of an anatomical problem causing failure to ovulate?

A

Obstruction of the uterine tube (salpingitis)

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14
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

Obstruction of the uterine horn

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15
Q

When does vaginal recession occur?

A
  • Due to faecal contamination
  • is more likely in thin cows
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16
Q

What is early embryonic death and when does it occur?

A
  • Losing of the CL (occurs prior to CL maintenenace)
  • Less than 15-17 days
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17
Q

What is late embryonic death and when does it occur?

A
  • Corpus luteum regresses (occurs during differentiation)
  • occusr less than 42 days after ovulation
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18
Q

What does SMEDI stand for?

A
  • Stillbirth
  • Mummification
  • Embryonic Death
  • Infertility
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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious abortion?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Milk Drop
  • Reduced appetite
  • Visible aborted material
  • often accompanied by a systemic disease
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20
Q

How can you diagnose infectious abortion?

A
  • Sample collection and submission to an approved lab
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21
Q

What is neospora caninum?

A

Protozoan parasite

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22
Q

What is the lifecycle/ transmission of neospora caninum?

in the direct host- dogs

A

Dogs eat infected placenta/ aborted tissue
they then produce sporozoites in their faeces
infected faeces is then grazed on by cattle

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23
Q

How does neospora present?

A
  • Late abortion between 5-7 months
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24
Q

How do you test for neospora caninum?

A
  • Take a sample on the last day of abortion as antibodies peak in the last 2 weeks of gestation
  • Can take a PCR on foetal tissue
  • identify infected cattle and either do not breed the replacements or cull them
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25
Q

How is BVD transmissed?

A
  • either the faecal/oral route
  • transplacental
26
Q

What are the clinical signs of BVD?

A
  • Immunosuppression
  • Milk Drop
  • Abortion
27
Q

What is the significance of getting BVD at 1-4 months of pregnancy?

A

The calf gains immunotolerance to it

28
Q

What is the diagnosis for BVD virus?

A
  • Dam serology for antibody
  • Viral antigen testing
  • PCR on the foetal spleen
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of leptospira hardjo?

A
  • Milk drop
  • Pyrexia
  • Abortion/ Infertility
  • Infected animals become chronic renal carriers
30
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bovine Herpes Virus?

A
  • Severe Upper Respiratory Tract Disease
  • Vulvovaginitis/ balanoposthitis
  • Exposed cattle become latently infected
  • They start shedding during periods of stress
  • causes abortion storms
31
Q

What bacteria is found in spoiled silage?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

32
Q

What is listeria monocytogenes associated with?

A

Associated with ‘silage eye’

33
Q

How can you diagnose listeria monocytogenes?

A

Using a culture from foetal stomach contents/ placenta

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of schmallenberg virus?

A
  • Hydranencephaly (brain sacs are filled with fluid)
  • Arthyrogryposis (joint stiffness)
35
Q

What are the clinical signs of Q fever?

A
  • Often subclinical
  • Abortion/ Inappetence
  • Necrotising placentitis
  • Long lasting immunity
36
Q

What is the diagnosis of Q fever?

A
  • Impression smear of intercotyledonary placenta for acid fast bacteria
37
Q

How would you manage an ewe that has aborted?

A
  • Isolate the aborting ewe and record the ID
  • clinical examination of evidence of systemic disease
  • Do not foster any lambs
38
Q

What is the presentation of chlamydophilia abortus?

A
  • inter-cotyledonary placentitis
  • Pregnant ewes abort
  • they only abort once then they are immune
39
Q
A
39
Q

From how many days can you make a pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle?

A

From 28 days

40
Q

What may cause failure of intromission in natural service?

A
  • Nerve damage- no ejaculation
  • Penile deviation/ Penile fracture
  • May be behavioural
41
Q

How long should ‘standing to be mounted’ last?

A

30 minutes twice a day

42
Q

What may you use to help detect oestrus in ewes?

A
  • Wax crayon attached to rams in a harness
43
Q

What is the normal cause of acyclicity?

A
  1. Reduced magnitude of LH surge
  2. Systemic Disease
44
Q

How is Semen usually stored on the farm?

what element is used

A

Nitrogen

45
Q

Name three anatomical factors that can effect the ability to ovulate in females?

A
  1. If the cow is a freemartin
  2. Salpingitis
  3. Vaginal recession (may be due to faecal contamination)
46
Q

After how many days is pregnancy loss considered to be rare?

A

70+ days

47
Q

What does poor sperm quality usually reflect?

A

historic problems

48
Q

What are the direct and intermediate hosts of neospora caninum?

A
  • Direct- Dogs
  • Intermediate- Cows
49
Q

What is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Cats

50
Q

How does toxoplasma spread?

A

Spreads via oocysts in the faeces, they survive for a long time in the environment (zoonotic)

51
Q

How would you diagnose toxoplasma

grossly

A

Pale calcified areas on cotyledons
Serology titre
Histopathology on the placenta

52
Q

What are the clinical signs of border disease virus?

A
  • Immunosupression
  • Barren ewes
  • Abortion
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Hairy shakers
53
Q

How would you diagnose BVD?

A
  • Dam serology for the antibody
  • Serology for the vital antigen
  • PCR on the foetal spleen
54
Q

How is Q fever spread?

A

Via ticks

55
Q

What salmonelliosis types are found in cattle?

A
  • S.dublin
  • S.typhimurium
56
Q

What salmonelliosis types are found in sheep?

A
  • S. abortus ovis (rare UK), S. montivideo (birds), S. typhimurium (sewage), S. dublin (cattle)
57
Q

What three things may cause artificial insemination to fail?

A
  • Failure to mount
  • Failure of intromission
  • Failure of ejaculation (nerve damage…)
58
Q

What is the effect of oxytetracycline on the male?

A

May decrease sperm quality

59
Q

Why is quality on insemination variable?

A
  • On-farm storage
  • Thawing and handling
  • Delay to insemination
  • AI timing and technique
60
Q

What foetal abnormalities does BVD cause?

A
  • Congenital cataracts
  • Cerebral hypoplasia/ aplasia

VMS 2006 (23 decks)

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