Pathology of the Urinary System III Flashcards
What is Uretral aplasia?
lack of formation of ureter
What is uretral hypoplasia?
notably small diameter ureter
What is an ectopic ureter?
Empty in a different level of the urinary tract/ prostate instead of the normal location
What is patent urachus?
Common malformation of the urinary bladder
* foetal urachus fails to close (tissues that connect the developing bladder to the umbilical cord)
* makes you more susceptible to infection
Name four things that can cause hydroureter
- Calculi
- Chronic inflammation
- Neoplasia
- Accidental ligation during surgery
What is urolithiasis?
Calculi in urinary passages
* It is the most important urinary tract problem in domestic animals
What is the essential precursor to initiating urolith formation?
supersaturation of urine
What are three reasons why uroliths may form?
- a substance is metabolised in an unusual way
- substance may be processed abnormally by the kidney
- substance may be in abnormally high levels in the diet
What are five predisposing factors for uroliths?
- The Urinary pH
- Reduced Water Intake
- Bacterial infection of the Lower Urinary Tract
- Obstruction
- Foreign Bodies
- Drug metabolites are excreted in urine
What does the rupture of the urethra/bladder cause?
uroperitoneum + haemorrhage
What is Cystitis?
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
What is ureteritis?
inflammation of ureters
rare in the absence of cystitis
What is urethritis?
Inflammation of the urethra
usually associated with obstruction by calculus from the bladder
What are the predisposing factors of inflammation of the lower urinary tract?
- Stagnation of urine (obstruction)
- incomplete bladder emptying
- Trauma (catheterisation)
- Urinary incontinence
- Vaginitis
- Corticoids
What are the concurrent diseases for cystitis
- Diabetes mellitus
- Proteinuria
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Pyometra
- Hyperestrogenism
What is the gross pathology of acute cystitis?
- Hyperaemia/ reddening
- submucousal oedema
- Catarrhal exudate
- cloudy urine
- ulcerations may penetrate the wall and predispose to rupture
What is the gross pathology of chronic cystitis?
- Reddened and thickened mucosa
- Urothelial desquamation
- submucousal fibrosis and hypertrophy of muscularis
What does sterile haemorrhagic cystitis look like?
- Mucousal ulceration, haemorrhage, oedema
- Urothelial cell carcinoma may develop in dogs with chronic cyclophosphamide treatment
In what animals does sterile haemorrhagic cystitis occur?
Dogs and cats treated for neoplastic/immunologic diseases with
cyclophosphamide
What does chronic follicular cystitis look like?
- Mucosa studded with grey-white nodules
- proliferating lymphocytes
- common with concurrent chronic urolithiasis
What does chronic polyploid cystitis look like?
Villus-like/ sessile projections
* persistent bacterial infection and/or uroliths
* polyps composed of inflammation/ fibroplasia and epithelial proliferation
Where is chronic polyploid cystitis most common?
Cranioventral bladder wall
In what animals does emphysematous cystitis occur?
Any dog/ cat associated with diabetes mellitus
What is emphysematous cystitis thought to be the result of?
the result of sugar fermentation by glucose fermenting bacteria
What is enzootic haematuria?
persistent haematuria and anaemia due to haemorrhages or neoplasm
What causes enzootic haematuria?
Chronic Ingestion of bracken fern
What are the risk factors of LUT neoplasms in dogs?
- topical insecticides
- marshes sprayed with chemicals for mosquitos
- obesity
- Breeds (scottish terrior)
What percentage of LUT Neoplasms are epithelial?
80%
What can occur when patent urachus ruptures?
uroperitoneum
What is the foetal urachus?
Direct channel between the bladders apex and umbilicus
What is uroperitoneum?
Rare condition where urine is present in the peritoneal cavity
What is the main consequence of urolithiasis?
Rupture of the urethra/ bladder which goes on to cause uroperitoneum and haemorrhage
What does incomplete urinary obstruction cause?
Hydronephrosis
What does complete urinary obstruction cause?
Rupture and infection
What does bracken fern contain?
- Thiamise
- Carcinogens
- Bleeding factor
- Immunosuppressants
