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VMS 2006 > Pathology of the Urinary System III > Flashcards

Pathology of the Urinary System III Flashcards

1
Q

What is Uretral aplasia?

A

lack of formation of ureter

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2
Q

What is uretral hypoplasia?

A

notably small diameter ureter

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3
Q

What is an ectopic ureter?

A

Empty in a different level of the urinary tract/ prostate instead of the normal location

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4
Q

What is patent urachus?

A

Common malformation of the urinary bladder
* foetal urachus fails to close (tissues that connect the developing bladder to the umbilical cord)
* makes you more susceptible to infection

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5
Q

Name four things that can cause hydroureter

A
  • Calculi
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Neoplasia
  • Accidental ligation during surgery
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6
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A

Calculi in urinary passages
* It is the most important urinary tract problem in domestic animals

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7
Q

What is the essential precursor to initiating urolith formation?

A

supersaturation of urine

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8
Q

What are three reasons why uroliths may form?

A
  • a substance is metabolised in an unusual way
  • substance may be processed abnormally by the kidney
  • substance may be in abnormally high levels in the diet
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9
Q

What are five predisposing factors for uroliths?

A
  • The Urinary pH
  • Reduced Water Intake
  • Bacterial infection of the Lower Urinary Tract
  • Obstruction
  • Foreign Bodies
  • Drug metabolites are excreted in urine
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10
Q

What does the rupture of the urethra/bladder cause?

A

uroperitoneum + haemorrhage

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11
Q

What is Cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

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12
Q

What is ureteritis?

A

inflammation of ureters

rare in the absence of cystitis

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13
Q

What is urethritis?

A

Inflammation of the urethra

usually associated with obstruction by calculus from the bladder

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14
Q

What are the predisposing factors of inflammation of the lower urinary tract?

A
  • Stagnation of urine (obstruction)
  • incomplete bladder emptying
  • Trauma (catheterisation)
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Vaginitis
  • Corticoids
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15
Q

What are the concurrent diseases for cystitis

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Proteinuria
  • Hyperadrenocorticism
  • Pyometra
  • Hyperestrogenism
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16
Q

What is the gross pathology of acute cystitis?

A
  • Hyperaemia/ reddening
  • submucousal oedema
  • Catarrhal exudate
  • cloudy urine
  • ulcerations may penetrate the wall and predispose to rupture
17
Q

What is the gross pathology of chronic cystitis?

A
  • Reddened and thickened mucosa
  • Urothelial desquamation
  • submucousal fibrosis and hypertrophy of muscularis
18
Q

What does sterile haemorrhagic cystitis look like?

A
  • Mucousal ulceration, haemorrhage, oedema
  • Urothelial cell carcinoma may develop in dogs with chronic cyclophosphamide treatment
19
Q

In what animals does sterile haemorrhagic cystitis occur?

A

Dogs and cats treated for neoplastic/immunologic diseases with
cyclophosphamide

20
Q

What does chronic follicular cystitis look like?

A
  • Mucosa studded with grey-white nodules
  • proliferating lymphocytes
  • common with concurrent chronic urolithiasis
21
Q

What does chronic polyploid cystitis look like?

A

Villus-like/ sessile projections
* persistent bacterial infection and/or uroliths
* polyps composed of inflammation/ fibroplasia and epithelial proliferation

22
Q

Where is chronic polyploid cystitis most common?

A

Cranioventral bladder wall

23
Q

In what animals does emphysematous cystitis occur?

A

Any dog/ cat associated with diabetes mellitus

24
Q

What is emphysematous cystitis thought to be the result of?

A

the result of sugar fermentation by glucose fermenting bacteria

25
Q

What is enzootic haematuria?

A

persistent haematuria and anaemia due to haemorrhages or neoplasm

26
Q

What causes enzootic haematuria?

A

Chronic Ingestion of bracken fern

27
Q

What are the risk factors of LUT neoplasms in dogs?

A
  • topical insecticides
  • marshes sprayed with chemicals for mosquitos
  • obesity
  • Breeds (scottish terrior)
28
Q

What percentage of LUT Neoplasms are epithelial?

A

80%

29
Q

What can occur when patent urachus ruptures?

A

uroperitoneum

30
Q

What is the foetal urachus?

A

Direct channel between the bladders apex and umbilicus

31
Q

What is uroperitoneum?

A

Rare condition where urine is present in the peritoneal cavity

32
Q

What is the main consequence of urolithiasis?

A

Rupture of the urethra/ bladder which goes on to cause uroperitoneum and haemorrhage

33
Q

What does incomplete urinary obstruction cause?

A

Hydronephrosis

34
Q

What does complete urinary obstruction cause?

A

Rupture and infection

35
Q

What does bracken fern contain?

A
  • Thiamise
  • Carcinogens
  • Bleeding factor
  • Immunosuppressants
36
Q
A

VMS 2006 (23 decks)

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