Bacterial Causes of Cystitis Flashcards
What is the definition of cystitis?
Inflammation of the bladder
What does cystitis mainly affects
- affects animals and people of both sexes and ages
What are the main causes of cystitis
- Bacteria
- Fungi/Yeast
- Parasites
- Trauma
- Toxins
- Neoplasia
What percentage of a herd is likely to be affected by cystitis
1-2% of the cows
What predisposes to cystitis?
- Bladder stones
- Chronic UTI
What species are most susceptible to cystitis?
Dogs, Cats, Guinea-Pigs
What has an effect on whether a species is predisposed to cystitis?
Positioning of the urethra
What are some of the clinical signs of cystitis?
- Polkaiuria
- haematuria
- stranguria
- dysuria
- urinating in public places
Why does cystitis not occur all the time?
- Dependent on the bugs being in the wrong place at the wrong time
- usually the body can remove the bugs
- cystitis requires multiple predisposing factors- e.g immunosupression with virulence
What may an owner notice in an animal with cystitis
Urinating all the time
What clinical signs are seen if cystitis has a bacterial component?
- abnormal urine
- pyrexia
- cloudy urine
- lethargy/ anorexia
Where is haematuria noticed?
end of the urine stream
What may a bladder with cystitis feel like?
thickened or irregular
What is acute cystitis?
catarrhal inflammation
may be haemorrhagic
some mild cases resolve others lead to chronic cystitis
What two types of chronic cystitis are there?
- Polypoid
- Follicular
What is emphysematous cystitis?
related to animals with diabetes mellitus
-fermentation of sugar by glucose-fermenting bacteria
What is feline idiopathic cystitis?
Neurological changes in the spinal pain fibres as well as the bladder wall
What is a recurrent infection
A recurrent infection caused by the same bacterial organism is termed
a relapse and is essentially a treatment failure.
What typically causes a relapse?
- inappropriate antibiotic therapy
- or an unrecognised complicating factor
What is the most common bacterial cause of cystitis
E.Coli
What does proteus look like?
- Gram neg
- faculative anaerobe
- rod-shaped
- has important appendages- common in animals with cystitis- they stick to the mucosa of bladder tissue
What is the pathology of porcine cystitis
Cystitis, chronic-active, diffuse, mild, with epithelial
hypertrophy, mucinous metaplasia and micro-abscesses,
breed not specified, porcine.
Where does eubacterium usually inhabit?
prepuce tissue
rarely causes disease in males
What is enterobacter?
gram negative, faculatuvely anerobic
What is enterococci
Gram positive, cocci shaped, faculatively anerobic
What is the most important E.Coli pathotype?
UPEC
What is polyploid cystitis?
- a type of chronic cystitis seen in most species
- gross pathology shows polyp like projections from the mucosa
What is follicular cystitis?
is a chronic cystitis of unknown aetiology common in the dog.
What is the main issue that the damage that UPEC does to the tissue wall?
Shedding of the wall= shedding of organisms = reinfection in other animals
What is staphylococcus?
Gram positive, aerobic, cocci shaped bacterium
can cause sloughing of tissue and therefore blockages
What is streptococcus?
Gram positive, faculative anerobic, cocci shaped bacterium
What is klebsiella?
Gram engative, faculative anaerobic, rod shaped bacterium
all animals pecies are susceptible
it makes the urine smell sweet
What is Corynebacterium renale?
- faculative anaerobic, rod shaped filamentous bacterium
- Cattle
- lives in the prepuce and semen of asymptomatic bulls
What is the most common risk factor for cystitis?
Normally because of fetal contamination after parturition
What is the preffered method for sample collection?
cystocentesis followed by sterile urethral catheterisation or a midstream free catch
What is the second most common bacteria in UTI’s?
Pseudomonas
* Gram negative
* aerobic
* rod-shaped
* many animal species are susceptible
What do haemophillus look like?
- Gram negative, faculative anaerobe, rod-shaped bacterium
What animal is eubacterium suis a pathogen of?
Pathogen of pigs only
* it can be isolated from the diverticulum in male pigs over 10 weeks
What adaptation does UPEC contain?
contains polynephritis fimbriae and can therefore replicate in bladder cells
What bacteria contains fimbriae allowing them to stick to the inside of the bladder (and replicate)
UPEC
What is the consequence of UPEC being intracellular?
harder to treat, antibiotics may not be able to get inside of the cell
When may the urine pH be alkaline?
If the bacteria is urease positive
