Bacterial Causes of Cystitis

Question 1

What is the definition of cystitis?

Answer 1

Inflammation of the bladder

Question 2

What does cystitis mainly affects

Answer 2

• affects animals and people of both sexes and ages

Question 3

What are the main causes of cystitis

Answer 3

• Bacteria
• Fungi/Yeast
• Parasites
• Trauma
• Toxins
• Neoplasia

Question 4

What percentage of a herd is likely to be affected by cystitis

Answer 4

1-2% of the cows

Question 5

What predisposes to cystitis?

Answer 5

• Bladder stones
• Chronic UTI

Question 6

What species are most susceptible to cystitis?

Answer 6

Dogs, Cats, Guinea-Pigs

Question 7

What has an effect on whether a species is predisposed to cystitis?

Answer 7

Positioning of the urethra

Question 8

What are some of the clinical signs of cystitis?

Answer 8

• Polkaiuria
• haematuria
• stranguria
• dysuria
• urinating in public places

Question 9

Why does cystitis not occur all the time?

Answer 9

• Dependent on the bugs being in the wrong place at the wrong time
• usually the body can remove the bugs
• cystitis requires multiple predisposing factors- e.g immunosupression with virulence

Question 10

What may an owner notice in an animal with cystitis

Answer 10

Urinating all the time

Question 11

What clinical signs are seen if cystitis has a bacterial component?

Answer 11

• abnormal urine
• pyrexia
• cloudy urine
• lethargy/ anorexia

Question 12

Where is haematuria noticed?

Answer 12

end of the urine stream

Question 13

What may a bladder with cystitis feel like?

Answer 13

thickened or irregular

Question 14

What is acute cystitis?

Answer 14

catarrhal inflammation
may be haemorrhagic
some mild cases resolve others lead to chronic cystitis

Question 15

What two types of chronic cystitis are there?

Answer 15

• Polypoid
• Follicular

Question 16

What is emphysematous cystitis?

Answer 16

related to animals with diabetes mellitus
-fermentation of sugar by glucose-fermenting bacteria

Question 17

What is feline idiopathic cystitis?

Answer 17

Neurological changes in the spinal pain fibres as well as the bladder wall

Question 18

What is a recurrent infection

Answer 18

A recurrent infection caused by the same bacterial organism is termed
a relapse and is essentially a treatment failure.

Question 19

What typically causes a relapse?

Answer 19

• inappropriate antibiotic therapy
• or an unrecognised complicating factor

Question 20

What is the most common bacterial cause of cystitis

Answer 20

E.Coli

Question 21

What does proteus look like?

Answer 21

• Gram neg
• faculative anaerobe
• rod-shaped
• has important appendages- common in animals with cystitis- they stick to the mucosa of bladder tissue

Question 22

What is the pathology of porcine cystitis

Answer 22

Cystitis, chronic-active, diffuse, mild, with epithelial
hypertrophy, mucinous metaplasia and micro-abscesses,
breed not specified, porcine.

Question 23

Where does eubacterium usually inhabit?

Answer 23

prepuce tissue

rarely causes disease in males

Question 24

What is enterobacter?

Answer 24

gram negative, faculatuvely anerobic

Question 25

What is enterococci

Answer 25

Gram positive, cocci shaped, faculatively anerobic

Question 26

What is the most important E.Coli pathotype?

Answer 26

UPEC

Question 27

What is polyploid cystitis?

Answer 27

• a type of chronic cystitis seen in most species
• gross pathology shows polyp like projections from the mucosa

Question 28

What is follicular cystitis?

Answer 28

is a chronic cystitis of unknown aetiology common in the dog.

Question 29

What is the main issue that the damage that UPEC does to the tissue wall?

Answer 29

Shedding of the wall= shedding of organisms = reinfection in other animals

Question 30

What is staphylococcus?

Answer 30

Gram positive, aerobic, cocci shaped bacterium
can cause sloughing of tissue and therefore blockages

Question 31

What is streptococcus?

Answer 31

Gram positive, faculative anerobic, cocci shaped bacterium

Question 32

What is klebsiella?

Answer 32

Gram engative, faculative anaerobic, rod shaped bacterium
all animals pecies are susceptible
it makes the urine smell sweet

Question 33

What is Corynebacterium renale?

Answer 33

• faculative anaerobic, rod shaped filamentous bacterium
• Cattle
• lives in the prepuce and semen of asymptomatic bulls

Question 34

What is the most common risk factor for cystitis?

Answer 34

Normally because of fetal contamination after parturition

Question 35

What is the preffered method for sample collection?

Answer 35

cystocentesis followed by sterile urethral catheterisation or a midstream free catch

Question 36

What is the second most common bacteria in UTI’s?

Answer 36

Pseudomonas
* Gram negative
* aerobic
* rod-shaped
* many animal species are susceptible

Question 37

What do haemophillus look like?

Answer 37

• Gram negative, faculative anaerobe, rod-shaped bacterium

Question 38

What animal is eubacterium suis a pathogen of?

Answer 38

Pathogen of pigs only
* it can be isolated from the diverticulum in male pigs over 10 weeks

Question 39

What adaptation does UPEC contain?

Answer 39

contains polynephritis fimbriae and can therefore replicate in bladder cells

Question 40

What bacteria contains fimbriae allowing them to stick to the inside of the bladder (and replicate)

Answer 40

UPEC

Question 41

What is the consequence of UPEC being intracellular?

Answer 41

harder to treat, antibiotics may not be able to get inside of the cell

Question 42

When may the urine pH be alkaline?

Answer 42

If the bacteria is urease positive