Pregnancy failure in companion animals

Question 1

What occurs during proestrus?

Answer 1

• Marked increase in reproductive activity
• Follicular growth
• Uterus enlarges slightly
• endometrium becomes congested and oedematous, glands show secretory activity
• vaginal mucus becomes hyperaemic
• the bitch shows external evidence -> vulval oedema

Question 2

What occurs during oestrus?

Answer 2

• The female accepts the male for mating
• glands secrete mucus
• endometrium becomes congested and hyperaemic
• Cervix relaxes

Question 3

What occurs during dioestrus?

Answer 3

It is the longest phase of the oestrus cycle
The corpus luteum is present and secretes large amounts of progesterone

Question 4

What is the duration of diestrus directly related to?

Answer 4

the time that the corpus luteum remains functional

Question 5

How does diestrus end?

Answer 5

diestrus ends with regression or luteolysis of the corpus luteum

Question 6

What are the physical changes of diestrus?

Answer 6

• Uterine glands undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy
• Cervix becomes constricted
• secretions of the tract are scant and sticky
• vaginal mucosa becomes pale

Question 7

What occurs during anoestrus?

Answer 7

• The genital system is quiescent
• Follicular development is minimal and corpora lutea have regressed/ are non-functional
• physically- secretions are scant and the cervix is constricted

Question 8

Name three reproductive disorders of growth

Answer 8

• Hyperplasia of the genital tract
• unilateral aplasia of the uterine horns
• bilateral aplasia leading to no pregnancy

Question 9

What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 9

• repetative and prolonged exposure to progesterone results in an inapproprate increase in size and number of endometrial glands
• can cause infertility
• may predispose to pyometra

Question 10

What are the clinical signs of brucella canis?

Answer 10

• infection can result in abortion
• most of which occur in the last trimester between days 45-55 with no premonitary signs