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VMS 2006 > Pregnancy Failure in Equines > Flashcards

Pregnancy Failure in Equines Flashcards

1
Q

What three things make up pregnancy failure in mares?

A
  1. Conception Failure
  2. Early Embryonic Death
  3. Abortion
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2
Q

At what point during the season are you unable to re-breed?

A

day 35-40

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3
Q

What percentage of pregnancy losses occur in the embro stage?

in thoroughbreds

A

20%

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4
Q

What percentage of pregnancies are lost during the foetal phase?

A

12%

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5
Q

What percentage of pregnancies are lost during the perinatal phase?

A

1%

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6
Q

When is equine abortion most likely to be seen?

A

6-11 months

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7
Q

What are the three warning signs of abortion in mares?

A
  1. Premature lactation
  2. Vulval relaxation
  3. Vaginal Discharge
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8
Q

How would you remove twins at day 15?

A

Manual crushing of the smaller vesicle

re-check repeatedly until day 40

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9
Q

What is acute placentitis?

A

hyperaemia and haemorrhage > degeneration and necrosis from chorionic villi to surrounding chorioallantois, organisms and toxins then invade and kill the foetus

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10
Q

What is chronic placentitis?

A

infection extends through the placenta > oedema and thickening of the chorioallantois > gradual separation of the affected chorionic villi

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11
Q

What are the warning signs of placentitis?

A

premature lactation/ udder development
vaginal discharge

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12
Q

How would you diagnose placentitis?

A
  • Transrectal ultrasound
  • Aborted foetus- often retardation
  • Send the placenta for histology
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13
Q

How would you prevent placentitis?

A
  • prebreeding assesment of perineal conformation
  • endometrial swabs pre-breeding
  • intra-uterine medication post-breeding
  • ‘caslick’ operation post-breeding
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14
Q

What are the three infectious causes of abortion?

A
  • EHV-1
  • Leptospirosis Pomona
  • Salmonella Abortus equi
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15
Q

What three notifiable diseases cause abortion?

A
  • EVA
  • EIA
  • AHS
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16
Q

What is the most common cause of infectious abortion in mares in the UK?

A

EHV-1

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17
Q

What does EHV-1 Cause?

A

sudden, rapid abortion with no warning signs,
primary respiratory disease so there may be a history with coughs and nasal discharge

18
Q

What does EHV-1 look like in the foetus?

grossly

A
  • Excess serosal fluid
  • Minute white spots on the liver
  • Enlarged spleen
  • Soft thymus
19
Q

What does EHV-1 look like in the placenta?

A
  • Allantochorion, thick and heavy oedema
  • Common for chorion to be outside
  • Rupture across the body is common
20
Q

What does EHV-1 look like in histology?

A
  • Necrotic Foci in the liver, lung and adrenal cortex
  • Lymphoid tissue necrosis
21
Q

How would you detect EHV-1 virus?

A
  • Virus isolation from foetal tissues or blood
  • PCR- for EHV-1
22
Q

What is the epidemiology of EHV-1?

A
  • Transmitted via aerosols or fomites
  • foetal membranes and vaginal discharge is highly infective
  • causes sporadic abortion in vaccinated mares
  • causes abortion storms in naive unvaccinated populations
23
Q

What are the Clinical signs of EVA?

A
  • Pyrexia, Lethargy, depression, Anorexia
  • Oedema of limbs and ventral abdomen
  • Conjunctivitis and Chemosis
  • Nasal discharge
24
Q

How is swamp fever spread?

A

Spread via biting flies
(has no known treatment/ vaccine)

25
Q

How would you diagnose swamp fever?

A

Coggins blood test

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of Swamp Fever?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Death
27
Q

What are the two potential post-abortion complications?

A
  • Bacterial placentitis
  • Retained whole or part foetal membranes
28
Q

Name three maternal factors that may cause embryonic abortion

A
  1. Oviduct environment
  2. Age
  3. Uterine Environment
29
Q

Name three external factors that may cause embryonic abortion

A
  1. Stress
  2. Inadequate Nutrition
  3. Toxin ingestion
30
Q

Name three embryonic factors that may cause embryonic abortion

A
  1. Small size
  2. Morphological defects
  3. Chromosonal abnormalities
31
Q

How often would you need to re-check the manual crushing of the embryo?

A

re-check repeatedly up until day 40

32
Q

What does EHV-1 look like histologically?

A
  • Necrotic foci in the liver
  • Lymphoid tissue necrosis
33
Q

How would you detect a EHV-1 virus?

A
  • Take sample from foetal tissues or blood
  • PCR for EHV-1 takes aroind 8 days
34
Q

How is EVA most commonly spread in stallions?

A

Venereal infection in carrier stallions

35
Q

What does an EVA abortion fetus look like?

A
  • Autolysed but with no specific lesions
  • Inform lab when sending off/ suspect EVA
36
Q

How can you treat EVA?

A

Mainly supportive care
* Spontaneous recovery in mares
* Stallions may need castrating

37
Q

How is EVA most likely transmited from male to female?

A
  • Direct transmission during mating
  • Contact with the aborted fetus
  • Respiratory route
38
Q

What vaccination can you give an EVA stallion?

A
  • They can be vaccinated is previously proven to be seronegative
39
Q

What may bacterial placentitis cause?

A
  • persistent bacterial endometriosis
40
Q

What may retained foetal membranes cause if not dealt with quickly?

A

Endotoxaemia
* may then get acute severe laminitis due to the endotoxaemia

41
Q

What do you note when examining the aborted fetus?

A
  • Freshness
  • Congenital defects
  • Birth trauma
  • Meconium staining
  • Subcut oedema

VMS 2006 (23 decks)

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