Chlamydiosis

Question 1

What is the structure of chlamydia?

Answer 1

• Two membranes
• truncated lipopolysaccharides
• absence of peptidoglycan

Question 2

What type of bacteria is chlamydia?

Answer 2

Obligate intracellular bacteria

Question 3

What are the general characteristics of chlamydia?

Answer 3

• Non-motile Coccoid shaped
• Have extra chromosones present
• lack ATP-generating ability- therefore rely on the host

Question 4

What are the three states in the chlamydia development cycle?

Answer 4

• Elementary bodies
• Reticular bodies
• Aberrant bodies

Question 5

What two infections can Chlamydia trachomitis cause?

Answer 5

Ocular and Urogenital

Question 6

What causes enzootic abortion in ewes?

Answer 6

Chlamydia abortus
* a disease of intensively mananged flocks
* commonly introduced via replacement ewes

Question 7

What causes feline chlamydiosis?

Answer 7

Chlamydia felis

Question 8

What are the clinical signs of Feline Chlamydiosis?

Answer 8

• Conjunctivitis, rhinitis in cats
• ocular discharge in the secondary infections

Question 9

What causes bovine chlamydia?

Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis

Answer 9

Chlamydia pecorum

Question 10

What primarily causes Chlamydia in koalas?

Answer 10

C.pecorum

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of Chlamydia in Koalas?

Answer 11

• Ocular and Urogenital tract disease
• Kerato-conjunctivitis
• UTI’s/ wet-bottom potential for infertility in males and females

Question 12

What causes avian chlamydia?

Answer 12

Chlamydia psittaci

Question 13

What are the clinical signs of avian chlamydia?

Answer 13

• Generalised infection
• digestive/ respiratory infection
• loss of condition, nasal discharge, diarrhoea, respiratory distress

Question 14

What is the best way to treat avian chlamydia?

Answer 14

• Tetracyclines, an extended course over several weeks
• there is no commercial vaccine

Question 15

What does Chlamydia pneumoniae in humans cause?

Answer 15

severe upper and lower respiratory infections

Question 16

What chlamydia subspecies causes infection in humans?

Answer 16

C.trachomatis

Question 17

What Chlamydia subspecies causes infection in koalas and humans?

Answer 17

C.pneumoniae

Question 18

When are persistent/ aberrant EB’s induced?

Answer 18

Under adverse environmental conditions
1. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics
2. Host immune response is triggered

once conditions are gone they go back to reticulate

Question 19

What does C.trachomatis cause in the eyes of humans?

Answer 19

Trachoma = infection of the conjunctival epithelium

Question 20

What is trachomatous trichiasis

caused by C.trachomatis

Answer 20

eyelashes rub against the eyeballs causing corneal scarring

Question 21

How is C.trachomatis usually transmitted?

Answer 21

It is transmitted via person-person contact with discharge from the eyes/nose

Question 22

What does C.trachomatis cause in females?

Urogenital infections

Answer 22

• Urethritis
• Cervicitis
• Pelvic inflammatory disorder
• ectopic pregnancy
• postpartum fever

Question 23

What does C. Trachomatis cause in males?

Urogenital Infection

Answer 23

• Urethritis
• Mild Burning
• White discharge from the penis

Question 24

What Chlamydia subtype causes Reiter’s syndrome?

Answer 24

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Question 25

What is the treatment for LGV? | Caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis

Answer 25

* Tetracycline for 21 days

Question 26

What is the treatment for the ocular and genital infections | Caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis

Answer 26

azithromycin or doxycycline for 7 days

Question 27

How does enzootic abortion of ewes occur when new ewes are added onto the farm?

Answer 27

* bacteria shed from placental/ uterine discharge * bacteria remain live at low temperatures

Question 28

What is the pathogenesis of EAE?

Answer 28

* The reservoir is unknown * Bacteria are detected at 90 days gestation * they target the trophoblast layer ( inflammation, vasculitis, necrosis)

Question 29

What is EAE abortion due to?

Answer 29

* reduced efficacy of the foetal-maternal exchange * disruption of endocrine function * disrupted immune balance (immune expulsion of the foetus)

Question 30

What are the four main clinical signs of EAE?

Answer 30

1. Abortion Storms in Housed Flocks (5-10%) 2. Enzootic abortion in the last three weeks of pregnancy 3. Most of the aborted lambs appear fresh and 'well-developed' 4. Dirty Pink Uterine Discharge

Question 31

What are the 4 main ways you can treat/ control Chlamydia?

Answer 31

1. Antibiotics (oxytetracycline) 2. Biosecurity/ Isolation (destroy bedding and aborted materials) 3. Vaccination (live/ attenuated) 4. Culling

Question 32

In what age of cats is feline chlamydia most common?

Answer 32

Cats below a year of age

Question 33

When does mucopurulent ocular discharge occur in feline chlamydiosis?

Answer 33

* Secondary Infections * Mycoplasma felis/ Staphylococci

Question 34

What are the clinical signs of sporadic bovine encephalyomyelitis?

Answer 34

Clinical signs * high fever * lack of coordination * depression * excessive salivation * diarrhoea

Question 35

What are the three main clinical signs of chlamydia in koalas?

Answer 35

1. Ocular and Urogenital tract disease 2. Kerato-Conjunctivitis- leading to blindness 3. UTI's (wet bottom)

Question 36

What is avian chalmydiosis typically induced by?

Answer 36

Typically induced by stress

Question 37

What are the three main clinical signs of avian chlamydiosis?

Answer 37

* Generalised infection * Digestion/ Respiratory Infection * loss of condition, nasal and ocular discharge, diarrhoea, respiratory distress

Question 38

What is the main treatment of avian chlamydiosis?

Answer 38

* Tetracyclines, extended course over several weeks * there is no commercial vaccine

Question 39

What can Chlamydia Pneumoniae cause?

Answer 39

* Causes severe upper and lower respiratory infection * has a very widespread host range * long incubation period

Question 40

What do aberrant bodies have?

Answer 40

* Altered transcription of membrane proteins * Enhanced resistance to antibiotics | The removal of stress allows development ## Footnote persistence can lead to treatment failure

Question 41

What do all types of chlamydia cause?

Answer 41

Reiters disease/ Reactive arthritis

Question 42

What does chlamydia type L1-3 cause?

Answer 42

Lymphogranuloma venereum