Pathology of the Urinary System I Flashcards
What animals have unilobar kidneys?
Carnivores and horses
What animals have multilobar kidneys?
Porcine and Bovine
Name 4 animals species with reniculate kidneys?
- Bovines
- Bears
- Cetaceans
- Pinnipeds
What is aplasia?
failure of the development (aorta never forms)
What is hypoplasia?
incomplete development/ fewer nephrons at birth
What is dysplasia?
altered structural organisation
What is renal dysplasia?
- kidneys fail to differentiate effectively
- Fibrosis
- has immature renal tubules
What is an ectopic kidney?
- Kidney misplaced from normal location because of abnormal migration during foetal development
- causes fused/ horsehoe kidneys
What is a renal cyst?
- Spherical, thin-walled distensions of cortex/ medulla filled with clear fluid
- can be associated with renal dysplasia
- single/ multiple
- usually incidental
What causes polycystic kidney disease
- autosomal dominant in persian cats and bull terriors
- Mutated gene- altered function of related proteins
What is the active circulatory disturbance
- acute nephritis, septicaemia, and toxaemias
HYPERAEMIA
What is the inactive circulatory disturbance?
physiologic, passive, hypovolaemic, shock, cardiac insufficiency, hypostatic
CONGESTION
What cause haemorrhages in the kidney?
bacteraemias and viraemias
What is renal infarction?
Local ischaemia of vascular occlusion usually due to thromboembolism
What necrosis occurs when smaller vessels are occluded?
Only cortex necrosis
What necrosis occurs when interlobar/arcuate are occluded?
Triangular wedge shaped cortex and medulla
What necrosis occurs when renal arteries are occluded?
Entire kidney
What is cortical necrosis?
- Manifestation of hypoperfusion or shock
- destruction of both tubules and glomeruli
- destruction of balance between renin-angiotensin and eicosanoid systems during ischaemia
can cause acute renal failure if severe
When does medullary/papillary necrosis occur?
- When ischaemia is above 2 hours
- causes dehydration and obstruction
What are NSAIDS?
- Directly toxic to medullary interstitial cells
- NSAIDs inhibit COX → ↓PGE2 and loss of vasodilator effect → ↓blood flow
❖Dehydrated horses treated with phenylbutazone at normal doses
❖Excessive NSAIDs dosage
What is hydronephrosis
- Renal pelvis atrophy
- Cystic enlargement of the kidney
- caused by urinary obstruction
aka build up of urine in the kidney
What is hydronephrosis usually accompanied with?
- distension of urinary bladder, distension of urethra
What is glomerulitis?
Inflammation restricted to the glomeruli
What is glomerulonephritis?
glomerular inflammation + secondary tubulointerstitial and vascular changes
What is a glomerulopathy?
glomerular disease without inflammation or with uncertain etiology or
pathogenesis
What is acute suppurative embolic glomerulitis?
A bacteraemia
* microabsesses in the cortex- often induced directly by the agent
What mechanism commonly causes glomerulonephritis?
Immune-Mediated mechanism
* Deposition of ICGN- most common
* formation of antibodies against antigens within the basement membrane
What is glomerulosclerosis?
Scarring of the glomerulus, causes a loss of protein in the urine
loss of glomerular capillaries
What is Periglomerular fibrosis?
- Consequence of Glomerulosclerosis (Chronic Glomerulonephritis)
- End-stage glomeruli
What is glomerular amyloidosis?
- Deposition of insoluble fibrillar protein
- Chronic inflammation
- Neoplasia
- Idiopathic
What is the effect of phenylbutazone on horses?
- may cause papillary necrosis
- loss of vasodilation effect and therefore loss of blood flow
What species is glomerular amyloidosis common in?
Hereditary in Abyssinian cats and shar-pei
What is the structure of the cortex?
lots of glomeruli, lots of circular profiles of tubules and vessels
What is the structure of the corticomedullary junction?
few glomeruli, straighter tubules, cross sections of large vessels
