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VMS 2006 > Pathology of the Urinary System I > Flashcards

Pathology of the Urinary System I Flashcards

1
Q

What animals have unilobar kidneys?

A

Carnivores and horses

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2
Q

What animals have multilobar kidneys?

A

Porcine and Bovine

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3
Q

Name 4 animals species with reniculate kidneys?

A
  • Bovines
  • Bears
  • Cetaceans
  • Pinnipeds
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4
Q

What is aplasia?

A

failure of the development (aorta never forms)

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5
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

incomplete development/ fewer nephrons at birth

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6
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

altered structural organisation

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7
Q

What is renal dysplasia?

A
  • kidneys fail to differentiate effectively

  • Fibrosis
  • has immature renal tubules
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8
Q

What is an ectopic kidney?

A
  • Kidney misplaced from normal location because of abnormal migration during foetal development
  • causes fused/ horsehoe kidneys
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9
Q

What is a renal cyst?

A
  • Spherical, thin-walled distensions of cortex/ medulla filled with clear fluid
  • can be associated with renal dysplasia
  • single/ multiple
  • usually incidental
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10
Q

What causes polycystic kidney disease

A
  • autosomal dominant in persian cats and bull terriors
  • Mutated gene- altered function of related proteins
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11
Q

What is the active circulatory disturbance

A
  • acute nephritis, septicaemia, and toxaemias

HYPERAEMIA

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12
Q

What is the inactive circulatory disturbance?

A

physiologic, passive, hypovolaemic, shock, cardiac insufficiency, hypostatic

CONGESTION

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13
Q

What cause haemorrhages in the kidney?

A

bacteraemias and viraemias

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14
Q

What is renal infarction?

A

Local ischaemia of vascular occlusion usually due to thromboembolism

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15
Q

What necrosis occurs when smaller vessels are occluded?

A

Only cortex necrosis

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16
Q

What necrosis occurs when interlobar/arcuate are occluded?

A

Triangular wedge shaped cortex and medulla

17
Q

What necrosis occurs when renal arteries are occluded?

A

Entire kidney

18
Q

What is cortical necrosis?

A
  • Manifestation of hypoperfusion or shock
  • destruction of both tubules and glomeruli
  • destruction of balance between renin-angiotensin and eicosanoid systems during ischaemia

can cause acute renal failure if severe

19
Q

When does medullary/papillary necrosis occur?

A
  • When ischaemia is above 2 hours
  • causes dehydration and obstruction
20
Q

What are NSAIDS?

A
  • Directly toxic to medullary interstitial cells
  • NSAIDs inhibit COX → ↓PGE2 and loss of vasodilator effect → ↓blood flow
    ❖Dehydrated horses treated with phenylbutazone at normal doses
    ❖Excessive NSAIDs dosage
21
Q

What is hydronephrosis

A
  • Renal pelvis atrophy
  • Cystic enlargement of the kidney
  • caused by urinary obstruction

aka build up of urine in the kidney

22
Q

What is hydronephrosis usually accompanied with?

A
  • distension of urinary bladder, distension of urethra
23
Q

What is glomerulitis?

A

Inflammation restricted to the glomeruli

24
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

glomerular inflammation + secondary tubulointerstitial and vascular changes

25
Q

What is a glomerulopathy?

A

glomerular disease without inflammation or with uncertain etiology or
pathogenesis

26
Q

What is acute suppurative embolic glomerulitis?

A

A bacteraemia
* microabsesses in the cortex- often induced directly by the agent

27
Q

What mechanism commonly causes glomerulonephritis?

A

Immune-Mediated mechanism
* Deposition of ICGN- most common
* formation of antibodies against antigens within the basement membrane

28
Q

What is glomerulosclerosis?

A

Scarring of the glomerulus, causes a loss of protein in the urine

loss of glomerular capillaries

29
Q

What is Periglomerular fibrosis?

A
  • Consequence of Glomerulosclerosis (Chronic Glomerulonephritis)
  • End-stage glomeruli
30
Q

What is glomerular amyloidosis?

A
  • Deposition of insoluble fibrillar protein
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Neoplasia
  • Idiopathic
31
Q

What is the effect of phenylbutazone on horses?

A
  • may cause papillary necrosis
  • loss of vasodilation effect and therefore loss of blood flow
32
Q

What species is glomerular amyloidosis common in?

A

Hereditary in Abyssinian cats and shar-pei

33
Q

What is the structure of the cortex?

A

lots of glomeruli, lots of circular profiles of tubules and vessels

34
Q

What is the structure of the corticomedullary junction?

A

few glomeruli, straighter tubules, cross sections of large vessels

35
Q
A

VMS 2006 (23 decks)

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