Use Of Biological Resources (11) Flashcards
Genetic modification in plants is _________ difficult. This is because they’re ________-cellular. You have to introduce a new _________ into plant cells and produce a new plant from these few cells.
More
Multi
Gene
What is genetic engineering
Moving useful genes from one organism’s chromosomes to another
___________ can be used to cut up DNA or join DNA pieces together
Enzymes
_____________ enzymes recognise specific sequences of DNA and cut the DNA at these points
Restriction
___________ enzymes are used to join 2 pieces of DNA together
Ligase
2 different pieces of DNA stuck together are known as ______________ DNA
Recombinant
What is a vector
Something that’s used to transfer something into a cell
What can vectors be used to do
Insert DNA into other organisms
What are the 2 sorts of vector
Plasmids
Viruses
What are plasmids
Small, circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria
Viruses _________ DNA into the organisms they infect
Insert
Genetic engineering:
The DNA you want to insert is cut out with a ________________ enzyme. The __________ DNA is then cut open using the same _______________ enzyme.
The vector DNA and the DNA you’re inserting are mixed together with __________ enzymes
The __________ join the 2 pieces of DNA together to produce ________________ DNA
The _______________ DNA is inserted into other cells.
These cells can now use the gene you inserted to make the protein you want. (E.g. bacteria containing the gene for human insulin can be grown in huge numbers in a ______________)
Restriction Vector Restriction Ligase Ligases Recombinant Recombinant Fermenter
Bacteria that contain the gene for human insulin are ______________
Transgenic
What does it mean if something is transgenic
They contain genes transferred from another species
Uses of genetically modified plants
Insulin Biological washing powders Glucose isomerase Human growth hormone Cattle growth hormone Vaccines Clotting factors - to treat haemophilia
How is genetically modified bacteria useful for humans with diabetes
Large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter
What are clones
Genetically identical organisms
By what process are plants cloned
By micropropagation (tissue culture)
Micropropagation:
A plant with desirable characteristics selected to be cloned. Small pieces (_________) are taken from the _______ of the stems and the side shoot of this plant
The explants are _____________ to kill any ________________
The explants are put in a petri dish containing a __________ medium which contains everything the explants need to grow including ___________ hormones
Cells in the explants divide and grow into a small _________. If large quantities of the plant are required, further ___________ can be taken from these plants etc.
The small plants are then taken out of the medium, planted in ________ and put into glasshouses - they’ll develop into plants that are genetically _____________ to the original
Explants Tip Sterilised Microorganisms Nutrient Growth Explants Soil Identical
How to clone a mammal:
Remove the __________ of an _______ cell creating an enucleated cell
A diploid _________ (from a different mammal) is inserted in its place
The cell is then stimulated with ______________ so that it starts dividing by ___________, as if it were a normal fertilised egg.
The dividing cell is then implanted into the ___________ of a 3rd mammal until it’s ready to be born
Cloned mammal will be born and it will be identical to the sheep which it shares a ___________ with
Nucleus Egg Nucleus Electricity Mitosis Uterus Nucleus
Benefit of cloning:
Useful genetic characteristics will alsways be passed on
Infertile animals can be cloned
Organ transplantation
Risks of cloning:
Cloned animals may not be as healthy as normal ones
Difficult, time consuming and expensive
May have unforeseen consequences
Ways you artificially create the ideal conditions for photosynthesis:
Keep plants enclosed in a ________________ to keep them safe from ________ and ___________
Give them artificial light after the ______ has gone down
Glasshouses trap heat to keep the plants warm. What might a farmer do in the winter?
Greenhouse/glasshouse
Pests and diseases
Sun
Use a heater
Name a great type of heater
A paraffin heater gives off co2 as a by-product
If the rate of photosynthesis is increased, the plants will grow ___________ and __________ and crop yields will be ___________
Faster and bigger
Higher
How do fertilisers help crop yield
They ensure that the plants have the right nutrients
Which elements do plants need in particular
Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus
Why might certain elements be missing from the soil
They may have been used up by a previous crop
What are pests
Insects, microorganisms and mammals which feed on crops
____________ control is another alternative to using pesticides. It means using other __________ to reduce the numbers of pests
Biological
Organisms
How could introducing a predator be useful for crops
It could kill whatever is eating the crops
How could introducing a parasite be useful for crops
A parasite (a fly) could lay its eggs on a something eating the crops (a snail) which eventually kill them
How could introducing bacteria be useful for crops
Bacteria could affect something that eats crops (a caterpillar)
What is a benefit of biologic control
It has longer-lasting effects than spraying pesticides and could be less harmful to wildlife
What is a problem with biological control
Introducing new organisms can cause problems (cane toads were introduced to Australia to eat beetles, but now they are a major pest themselves)
What is selective breeding
Mating the best organisms to get good offspring
Animals are selectively bred to develop good features such as:
Maximum yield of meat Maximum yield of milk Good health / disease resistant Speed Fertility
Plants can be selectively bred to develop good features such as:
Attractive flowers
Nice smell
How to selectively breed:
Find the part of your stock with the best characteristics
Breed them with each other
Select the best offspring and breed them together
Continue this process over several generations and it all just gets better and better
Selective breeding can be used to ___________ 2 different desirable characters. If you cross-breed 2 different organisms - you can get the perfect ____
Desirable
Mix
What are fish farms
Big enclosures or tanks where fish are raised for food
Fish farms rear fish in a controlled way that’s designed to produce as many ________ as possible
Fish
Why are fish kept in cages in sea
To stop them using as much energy swimming about
What does the cage protect the fish from
Predators (birds, seals)
Fish in a fish farm are fed a diet of food pellets that’s carefully controlled to ___________ the amount of energy they get. The better the quality of food, the ___________ and ___________ the fish will grow. Why is this good for us?
Maximise
Quicker
Bigger
We get to eat more (better yield)
Young fish are reared in special tanks to ensure what?
As many survive as possible
It’s important to keep younger fish __________ from bigger fish and to provide regular ________ - this makes sure that the big fish don’t eat the little ones. This is __________________ predation
Separate
Food
Intraspecific
Fish kept in cages are more ___________ to disease and parasites
Prone
One pest is sea lice, which can be treated with _____________ which kill them. To avoid pesticides, biological pest control can be used instead
Pesticides
Fish in a fish farm can be selectively ______ to produce ______ aggressive, _________-growing fish
Bred
Less
Faster
Fish can be farmed in ________ too
Tanks
Freshwater fish can be farmed in ponds or indoors in tanks where conditions can be _____________. This is especially useful for controlling the water ____________
Controlled
Quality
In tanks, the water can be monitored to check what 3 things
Temperature
pH
Oxygen levels
In tanks, it’s easy to control how much ________ is supplied as well as to give exactly the right sort of _________
Food
Food
In tanks, the water can be removed and _____________ to get rid of __________ _______ and fish _______. This keeps the water _________ for the fish and avoids ____________ wherever the water ends up
Filtered Waste food Poo Clean Pollution
