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Biology GCSE > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Keeping the internal conditions of the body constant

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2
Q

What is excretion

A

The removal of waste products

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3
Q

What is urea

A

Broken down amino acids

Amino acids are broken down into urea by the liver

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4
Q

What is urine

A

Urea + water which gets excreted from the body

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5
Q

What is metabolism

A

Chemical reactions in the body

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6
Q

What is the kidney

A

The organ that filters the blood and produces urine

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7
Q

What is the bladder

A

The organ in which urine is stored

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8
Q

What is the ureter

A

The tube leading from the kidney to the bladder

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9
Q

What is the urethra

A

The tube leading from the bladder to outside the body

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10
Q

What is the nephron

A

The small structure in the kidney where filtration takes place

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11
Q

What are the regions of the nephron

A 
Glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
First coiled tubule
Loop of Henle
Second coiled tubule
Collecting duct
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12
Q

What is ultrafiltration

A

Where the blood is filtered under high pressure in the Bowmans capsule

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13
Q

What is reabsorption

A

Where useful molecules move back into the blood having gone into the nephron

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14
Q

What is a hormone

A

A chemical released by a gland that makes a target organ respond in a certain way

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15
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

Region of the brain that has special cells to detect properties of the blood

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16
Q

What is a homeotherm

A

An animal that can keep its body temperature constant

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17
Q

What is an endotherm

A

An animal that can carry out chemical reactions in cells to warm the body

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18
Q

What is vasodilation

A

The widening of small blood vessels (capillaries)

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19
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of capilliaries

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20
Q

What is shivering

A

Rapid contraction and relaxation of muscles - releasing heat

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21
Q

What is a gland

A

An organ that secretes or releases a substance

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22
Q

What is insulin

A

A hormone released by the pancreas

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23
Q

What does insulin do in your body cells

A

Allows your body to use sugar

Prevents your blood sugar level from getting too high

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24
Q

What is glucose

A

Small sugar (C6H12O6)

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25
Q

What is glycogen

A

Large sugar (lots of glucose joined together)

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26
Q

What is glucagon

A

A hormone released by the pancreas. Makes liver convert glycogen back into glucose

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27
Q

What is diabetes

A

A disease where the body doesn’t make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels

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28
Q

What 3 substances do we excrete

A

Co2
Water vapour
Urea

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29
Q

Where is adrenaline made

A

The adrenal gland

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30
Q

Which 2 homeostasis hormones are made in the pancreas

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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31
Q

Where is insulin made and what is its function

A

Pancreas - decreases glucose levels in the blood

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32
Q

Where is glucagon made and what is its function

A

Pancreas - increases glucose levels in the blood

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33
Q

Where is ADH made and what is its function

A

Pituitary gland - controls water balance of blood

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34
Q

As the temperature goes up we produce _________ urine and the volume of sweat produced goes _____

A

Less

Up

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35
Q

Why do we feel more thirsty in hot weather

A

Because we sweat which means we lose more water

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36
Q

Some CO2 can be carried by haemoglobin, the rest dissolves in the blood and forms carbonic acid which makes blood pH go _______. Why is this a bad thing?

A

Down

This is bad because because enzymes in the blood may denature

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37
Q

When muscles respire anaerobically they convert ___________ to __________ acid. Some of this is moved to the ________ to be converted back into ____________. Due to the transportation of the _________ acid in the blood - the pH of the blood _____________

A 
Glucose
Lactic acid
Liver
Glucose
Lactic
Decreases
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38
Q

Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblangata (and the main artery in the neck) of the brain monitor CO2 level in and blood pH. They send a signal to the heart to increase heart rate. How does this help?

A

The heart rate increases the speed at which blood moves around the body and increases the speed at which co2 goes to the lungs

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39
Q

What is normal body temperature

A

37ºC

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40
Q

What might happen to enzymes if the body gets too hot

A

They could denature

41
Q

What might happen if the body gets too cold

A

Molecules slow down

42
Q

What is the part of the brain that monitors temperature

A

Thermoregulatory centre

43
Q

How do our bodies cool down?

A

(BSH) Bullsh*t
Blood vessels dilate (so blood flows nearer the edge of the skin) heat is lost by radiation
Sweating
Hairs lie flat

44
Q

How does sweating cool you down

A

The sweat evaporates taking heat from the body - thus the body cools down

45
Q

What 3 things happen when we are too cold and need to heat up

A

Blood vessels constrict
Hairs stand up
Shiver

46
Q

What part of the skin provides protection

A

The epidermis

47
Q

What part of the skin monitors temperature regulation

A

Sense organ

Capillaries

48
Q

What part of the skin is involved in excretion

A

Sweat gland

49
Q

Why does our skin go red in hot weather

A

Because blood flows nearer the surface

50
Q

Hairs on the skin each have their own ____________ muscles which are important in ______________

A

Erector

Insulation

51
Q

How does the body respond to high pH

A

By increasing the heart rate - meaning that CO2 will leave the body sooner

52
Q

How does the body respond to high blood glucose

A

Cells in the pancreas detect high blood glucose and releases insulin
Insulin travels through blood to the liver
The liver takes glucose out of the blood and converts it into glycogen and releases it into the blood

53
Q

When might we have low blood glucose

A

When we exercise and use it up

54
Q

How does the body respond to low blood glucose

A

The pancreas detects this drop in blood glucose and releases glucagon
Glucagon travels to the liver via the blood
The liver breaks down the blood glycogen and turns it into glucose and releases it into the blood

55
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

15% of cases
Common in childhood
When no insulin is made

56
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

85% of cases
Common in adulthood
Either not enough insulin is produced or insulin doesn’t work properly
Results in pancreatic failure

57
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

Thirsty because more urine is produced
Glucose builds up in lens of eye - blurred vision
Tiredness
Weight loss

58
Q

Explain how the bodies of people with diabetes work

A

Not enough insulin produced
Therefore glucose levels increase
Kidneys work hard to remove these high levels of glucose so more urine is produced
Thirsty because more urine is produced

59
Q

The outside part of the kidney is called the __________.

The inside part of the kidney is called the __________.

A

Cortex

Medulla

60
Q

What happens in the cortex

A

Filtration occurs

61
Q

What happens in the medulla

A

Water reabsorption

62
Q

What happens in the bladder

A

Urine is stored

63
Q

What goes through the ureter and via what process

A

Urine is forced through to the bladder via peristalsis

64
Q

What is the function of the renal artery

A

Supplies the kidney with unfiltered, oxygenated blood

65
Q

What is the function of the renal vein

A

Drains the kidney of filtered deoxygenated blood

66
Q

Why do women suffer from bladder infections more than men

A

The end of the urethra is closer to the bladder than in men

67
Q

What substances does the lungs remove

A

Carbon dioxide

68
Q

What substances does the skin remove

A

Water

Salt

69
Q

What substances does the liver convert into urea

A

Excess protein and amino acids

70
Q

ADH is a hormone that is produced in the _________________. It is then stored and released by the ___________ gland

A

Hypothalamus

The pituitary

71
Q

What does the hypothalamous monitor in the blood

A

Water content

72
Q

Where does ADH go to via the blood

A

The collecting duct

73
Q

What does ADH do when it gets to the collecting duct

A

Makes it more permeable to water

74
Q

What is the collecting duct

A

The tube at the end of the kidney nephron

75
Q

Why is it important that the collecting duct is permeable to water

A

So that water moves out of the nephron and back into the blood

76
Q

Which hormone will be released if you are dehydrated and what will it do

A

ADH

Make the collecting duct permeable so that water will move out of it and back into the blood

77
Q

What happens when the brain detects that you are hydrated

A

The pituitary stops releasing ADH
So it won’t make the collecting duct as permeable to water
And water will not move out of the nephron into the blood

78
Q

What process takes place in the glomerulus

A

Ultra-filtration

79
Q

Small molecules are forced into the __________ ___________ by ultra-filtration

A

Bowmans capsule

80
Q

What happens in the first convuluted tubule

A

Glucose is reabsorbed into the blood

81
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed into the blood in the first convuluted tubule

A

By active transport

82
Q

What happens in the loop of Henle

A

Salt and water are reabsorbed

83
Q

How is salt reabsorbed in the loop of Henle

A

Diffusion

84
Q

How is water reabsorbed in the loop of Henle

A

By osmosis

85
Q

What happens in the second convuluted tubule

A

Doesn’t matter - just label it

86
Q

What happens in the collecting duct

A

More water can be reabsorbed here - controlled by ADH

87
Q

If we have too much glucose then the pancreas will release ____________

A

Insulin

88
Q

If we have too little glucose then the pancreas will release _____________

A

Glucagon

89
Q

Our body temperature and water levels are monitored by the _______________

A

Hypothalamous

90
Q

Our blood sugar levels are monitored by the _________

A

Pancreas

91
Q

How does blood enter the Bowmans Capsule

A

Through high pressure, thin capillary walls

92
Q

What does insulin do in the liver

A

Turns glucose into glycogen

93
Q

Where in particular does ultra-filtration take place

A

The glomerulus

94
Q

Sufficient ______ is reabsorbed. Excess ______ isn’t

A

Salt

Salt

95
Q

Smaller organisms have a __________ surface area to volume ration

A

Bigger

96
Q

Organisms with a bigger surface area to volume ratio can gain or lose heat at a ___________ rate. Why is this?

A

Faster rate

Because their is more area for the heat to transfer across

97
Q

Due to their big surface are to volume ratio, __________ organisms lose body heat more easily in hot climates. It also means they are very vulnerable in _______ climates

A

Smaller

Cold

98
Q

Why do organisms with a smaller surface area to volume ratio gain or lose heat more slowly?

A

Because there is less area for the heat to transfer across

99
Q

Due to surface area to volume ratio, animals living in cold conditions have a __________ shape to keep their surface area to a minimum, ___________ heat loss

A

Compact

Reducing

Biology GCSE (28 decks)

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