Breathing System Flashcards
Alveoli look a bit like …
A bunch of grapes
What is the epiglottis
The small flap of skin that closes over the trachea when you swallow
The alveoli have a huge _________ ______
Surface area
As blood flows through the capillary past the alveolus, __________ _________ moves from the blood plasma into the air space in the alveolus
Carbon dioxide
The wall of the alveolus is only one ______ thick this means diffusion can take place more easily
One cell thick
Alveoli = a ______ exchange site
Gas
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus because the _______________ of carbon dioxide in the blood plasma is greater than in the alveolus
Concentration is greater
As carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus, __________ diffuses out
Oxygen
When oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus it combines with haemoglobin to form _________________
Oxyhemoglobin
Alveoli contain stretch receptors so that they can’t _____________
Overstretch
How are alveoli adapted for diffusion (4)
Densely covered in blood capillaries (good blood supply)
Grape-like clusters = large surface area
Walls are moist and permeable = easy for gasses to dissolve
Cells are one cell thick
Why are the walls of alveoli lined with a surfactant
So that they don’t stick together
Is the air we breather out is warmer or cooler than the air we breathe in?
Warmer
How is the nose helpful to the breathing system
Small hairs - stop dust/particles entering
Mucus - traps particles/bacteria
What is the trachea
The tube which is connected to the lungs
How is the trachea helpful to the breathing system
Ciliated epithial cells
Mucus producing cell
C-shaped rings of cartilage
Why does co2 diffuse from the blood into the alveolus
Because there is a higher concentration of co2 in the blood plasma
Once air travels through the trachea, it enters the ____________ which are the main passageways to the __________
Bronchi
Lungs
There is more ___________ in the air we breathe in than the air we breathe out
Oxygen
There is the same amount of ______________ in the air we breathe out than the air we breathe in
Nitrogen
Breathing in is also known as ___________
Inspiration
Breathing out is also known as ___________
Expiration
When you breathe IN your ribs move up and out because your external intercostal muscles and diaphragm ___________ and therefore the volume of the thorax ____________. This means that the air pressure inside the thorax is ________than the air pressure outside so air moves _______ the lungs
Contracts (and flattens)
Increases
Lower
Into
When you breathe OUT your ribs move down and in because your external intercostal muscles and diaphragm _____________. Therefore the volume of the thorax _______________. This means that the air pressure inside the thorax is _______ than the air pressure outside so air moves the __________ the lungs
Relax ( and Dome-shaped)
Decreases
Higher
Out of
Effects of smoking (3)
Smoke damages alveoli which drop in surface area which decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood
Difficulty breathing
Tar irritates bronchi encouragin mucus to be produced which cannot be swept away
A build up of tar in the smokers lungs leading towards lung cancer
Tobacco contains carcinogens which lead to cancer
Carbon monoxide
Addiction
Why is nicotine addictive
It increases levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. This produces feelings of enjoyment and motivation
What is the effect of smoking while pregnant on birth weight
Just 1 cigarette a day can increasingly drop the weight of the baby
Why does smoking while pregnant lead to an underweight child
The baby does not receive enough oxygen
Carbon monoxide in cigarettes combines with haemoglobin to form ______________________. This binds more tightly than oxygen so blood carries less _______________ around the body
Carboxyhaemoglobin
Oxygen
Short or long term effect on exercise: Breathing rate increases
Short term
Short or long term effect on exercise: Increased tidal volume
Long term
Short or long term effect on exercise: Breathing more efficient
Long term
Short or long term effect on exercise: Respiratory muscles grow stronger
Long term
Short or long term effect on exercise: Increased number of alveoli
Long term
Short or long term effect on exercise: Pulse increases
Short term
Short or long term effect on exercise: Co2 concentration in veins increases
Short term
Name the apparatus used to measure breathing
Spirometer
Anaerobic respiration in muscles equation:
Glucose —> lactic acid (+ energy released)
Which type of respiration produces more energy
Aerobic
How much energy do the 2 types of respiration produce
Aerobic: 38ATP
Anaeorbic: 2ATP
Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants
Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol (+ 2ATP)
What does Co2 make bread do
Rise
Why does anaerobic respiration not release as much energy
Because the glucose is not completely broken down
Give 3 things that the body uses the energy obtained in respiration for
Moving
Breathing
Active transport
When doing exercise, muscles need to be supplied with _____________ and _____________
Oxygen
Glucose
____________ respiration uses lots of oxygen
______________ respiration uses no oxygen at all
Aerobic respiration uses lots of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration uses no oxygen at all
What is respiration
The process of releasing energy from glucose - this happens in every living cell
What are the pleural membranes
Layers which protect the lungs
