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Biology GCSE > Blood + Circulation > Flashcards

Blood + Circulation Flashcards

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0
Q

Blood is made up of a liquid called _______

A

Plasma

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1
Q

Blood plasma carries 3 types of blood cells:

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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2
Q

What is the job of red blood cells

A

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s cells where it is used in respiration

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3
Q

What does plasma carry other than blood cells

A 
Carbon dioxide
Urea
Hormones
Glucose
Amino acids
Heat energy

Can udders hit gloves and hats

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4
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Protect the body from disease by fighting invading microbes

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5
Q

Which blood cells are the largest type of blood cells?

A

Red

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6
Q

What is the basic structure of a white blood cell

A

They have a large nucleus and can change their shape

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7
Q

Some white blood cells called ___________ fight against infection by surrounding invading microbes and then digesting them

A

Phagocytes

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8
Q

The phagocyte changes shape making an extension of its cytoplasm called a ____________

A

Pseudopodia

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9
Q

Other white blood cells called ____________ produce antibodies to fight against infection

A

Lymphocytes

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10
Q

Some lymphocytes become _________ cells

A

Memory cells

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11
Q

Antibodies can: (3)

A
  • Make bacteria clump together (making it easier for phagocytes to engulf them)
  • Break open bacteria cells
  • Neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
  • They are specific to certain antigens
  • Some remain as memory cells
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12
Q

What are memory cells

A

Cells which make you immune from something which you have already had

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14
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry haemoglobin

A

No nucleus to make room for haemoglobin
Large surface area - biconcave shape
Large surface area compared to volume so oxygen is always close to the surface

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14
Q

Platelets are small fragments of ______

A

Cells

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15
Q

White blood cells destroy unwelcome _______________

A

Microorganisms

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16
Q

Platelets have ____ nucleus

A

No

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17
Q

Platelets help to ______ a wound

A

Clot

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18
Q

Name two waste products that plasma carries

A

Carbon dioxide and urea

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19
Q

Name two useful substances that plasma carries (other then red and white blood cells and platelets)

A

Glucose and amino acids

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20
Q

What is an antigen

A

A marker on the surface of a microorganism that allows the lymphocyte to identify it as foreign

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21
Q

A pathogen is an organism that causes _________

A

Disease

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22
Q

Pathogens include many bacteria, viruses, protists and _______

A

Fungi

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23
Q

Lymphocytes recognise pathogens as foreign and produce ____________

A

Antibodies

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24
Q

Phagocytes engulf pathogens by changing their shape and producing pseudopodia which surround and enclose the microorganism in a __________

A

Vacuole

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25
Q

Glucose is transported from where to where in the circulatory system

A

From the villi in the small intestine to body cells

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26
Q

Via the circulatory system, water and urea are transported from the liver to the ________

A

Kidneys

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27
Q

O2 is transported from lungs to the _____________ (circulatory system)

A

Body cells

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28
Q

CO2 is transported from cells to _______ (circulatory system)

A

Lungs and out of the body

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29
Q

Exposure to air stimulates platelets and damaged tissue to produce a ____________

A

Chemical

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30
Q

Why does oxygen diffuse into red blood cells in the lungs

A

Because there is a higher concentration of oxygen in the lungs than in the blood

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31
Q

What happens to the speed of blood as it flows through the capillaries and why

A

It is is forced to slow down because the blood cells are slightly bigger than capillaries therefore making sure that gas exchange definitely takes place

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32
Q

The chemical produced by platelets causes soluble fibrinogen to turn into insoluble __________

A

Fibrin

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33
Q

Fibrin forms a network across a wound and _____ blood cells get trapped. This forms a clot

A

Red blood cells

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34
Q

What is artificial immunity

A

When you can get immunity to a disease without having had it in the first place

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35
Q

Antibodies are specific - what does this mean

A

That the body produces antibodies that are specific for what they are fighting

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36
Q

When we look at a diagram of the heart the left side of the heart will appear on the _______ side of the page

A

Right

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37
Q

What is a vaccination

A

When the body is injected with a very small and very possibly dead amount of a certain disease leading the body to produce cells to fight it.
If you do get the disease - your body will be ready to fight it

39
Q

________ send blood towards the heart and normally carry _____________ blood

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood

40
Q

What is the Aorta and what does it do

A

The main artery of the body supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system

41
Q

_________ send blood away from the heart and normally carry ____________ blood

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood

42
Q

What is the pulmonary artery and what does it do

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
(It’s the only artery which carries deoxygenated blood - this is because it hasn’t been to the lungs yet)

42
Q

Very small things don’t need a circulatory system, they just get what they need by ______________

A

Diffusion

43
Q

What is the pulmonary vein and what does it do carries blood toward the heart (like any other vein) but there is a difference. What is it.

A

The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
(It is the only oxygenated blood carrying vein because it’s just been to the lungs)

45
Q

Fish have a single circulatory system. What does this mean

A

Blood goes through the heart once per circulation
It goes from the heart to gills to body and back to heart
Heart —–> gills —–> body ——> heart —–> gills

45
Q

Humans have a double circulatory system. What does this mean.

A

Blood goes through the heart twice per circulation
Heart to lungs to heart to body to heart

Heart —–> lungs —–> heart —–> body —–> heart —–> lungs —–> heart —–> body —–> heart

46
Q

The ventricles contract and force blood out of the __________

A

Heart

47
Q

The atrium contracts and forces blood into the _____________

A

Ventricles

49
Q

The blood leaving the left side of the heart is pumped to the ________

A

Body

50
Q

The blood leaving the right side of the heart is pumped to the _________

A

Lungs

51
Q

What happens to blood in the lungs

A

It gets oxygenated

52
Q

Which artery is the biggest

A

The aorta

52
Q

Why are capillary walls so thin

A

So that substances can be exchanged between the blood and body cells by diffusion

53
Q

Why do veins contain valves

A

So that if gravity pushes blood downwards, the valve will stop it

54
Q

Arteries have a _________ outer wall

A

Thick

55
Q

Veins have a _______ outer wall

A

Thin

56
Q

Arteries have __________ central tubes meaning the blood is under ________ pressure

A

Narrow

High

57
Q

________ have valves to prevent backflow

A

Veins

58
Q

Veins have a _______ central tube meaning they have _____ blood pressure

A

Wide

Low

59
Q

When ________ flows along veins it pushes past the valves which only open in one direction

A

Blood

60
Q

If blood in a vein does flow _____________ it is trapped by closed valves

A

Backwards

61
Q

Capillaries ________ arteries to veins

A

Link

62
Q

Veins have thin walls and so need help from nearby __________ to push blood towards the heart

A

Muscles

63
Q

_____________ are the only blood vessels where substances can be exchanged between the blood and body cells

A

Capillaries

64
Q

Useful substances in the body diffuse across the __________ wall into body cells

A

Capillary

65
Q

What keeps the blood moving in veins

A

Muscle fibres

67
Q

What is the largest vein?

A

The vena cava

68
Q

The aorta carries _____________ blood from the _______ side of the heart

A

Oxygenated

Left

68
Q

The aorta pumps blood to the _______

A

Body

69
Q

The _________ ventricle wall is thicker than the other because it pumps blood all around the body rather than just to the lungs

A

Left

70
Q

The pulmonary artery carries ________________ blood from the _________ side of the heart to the _________

A

Deoxygenated
Right
Lungs

71
Q

The vena cava is on the ________ side of the heart

A

Right

Which appears left in a diagram

72
Q

The pulmonary artery is on the _______ side of the heart

A

Right

Which appears left on a diagram

73
Q

The tricuspid valve is found between the 2 chambers on the ________ side of the heart

A

Right

Which appears left on a diagram

74
Q

The bicuspid valve is found between the chambers on the _________ side of the heart

A

Left

Which appears right on a diagram

75
Q

The ________ are the top 2 chambers of the heart as oppose to the ___________ which are the bottom 2

A

Atria

Ventricles

76
Q

When we exercise how does our heart react

A

Heart rate increases

Volume of blood pumped with each beat increases

77
Q

When we are sleeping or resting out heart rate ____________

A

Decreases

78
Q

The fight or flight response is triggered by the hormone _______________

A

Adrenaline

79
Q

When we start to exercise, our muscles produce more ___________ __________

A

Carbon dioxide

80
Q

Changes to heart rate are brought about by _________ impulses sent by the ___________ (a part of the brain)

A

Nerve impulses sent by the medulla

82
Q

The medulla sends nerve impulses along the accelerator nerve which __________ heart rate

A

Increases

82
Q

_______-_______ valves are found in blood vessels leaving the heart

A

Semi-lunar valves

83
Q

The _________ divides the heart into left and right sides

A

Septum

84
Q

When carbon dioxide levels return to normal, the medulla responds by sending impulses along the deccelerator nerve which ___________ heart rate

A

Decreases

85
Q

Watch-pocket valves are found in ________

A

Veins

87
Q

What is haemophilia

A

A hereditary disorder
Unable to form blood clots
Lack of platelets

88
Q

Blood enters the right side of the heart through the:

And leaves the right side of the heart through the:

A

Enters through the vena cava

Leaves through the pulmonary artery

89
Q

Blood enters the left side of the heart through the:

And leaves the left side of the heart through the:

A

Enters through the pulmonary vein

Leaves through the aorta

90
Q

Pulmonary relates to the:

A

Lungs

91
Q

Hepatic relates to the:

A

Liver

92
Q

Renal relates to the:

A

Kidney

93
Q

The hepatic portal vein carries blood from where to where?

A

From the gut to the liver

Biology GCSE (28 decks)

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