Blood + Circulation Flashcards
0
Q
Blood is made up of a liquid called _______
A
Plasma
1
Q
Blood plasma carries 3 types of blood cells:
A
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
2
Q
What is the job of red blood cells
A
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s cells where it is used in respiration
3
Q
What does plasma carry other than blood cells
A
Carbon dioxide Urea Hormones Glucose Amino acids Heat energy
Can udders hit gloves and hats
4
Q
What do white blood cells do
A
Protect the body from disease by fighting invading microbes
5
Q
Which blood cells are the largest type of blood cells?
A
Red
6
Q
What is the basic structure of a white blood cell
A
They have a large nucleus and can change their shape
7
Q
Some white blood cells called ___________ fight against infection by surrounding invading microbes and then digesting them
A
Phagocytes
8
Q
The phagocyte changes shape making an extension of its cytoplasm called a ____________
A
Pseudopodia
9
Q
Other white blood cells called ____________ produce antibodies to fight against infection
A
Lymphocytes
10
Q
Some lymphocytes become _________ cells
A
Memory cells
11
Q
Antibodies can: (3)
A
- Make bacteria clump together (making it easier for phagocytes to engulf them)
- Break open bacteria cells
- Neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
- They are specific to certain antigens
- Some remain as memory cells
12
Q
What are memory cells
A
Cells which make you immune from something which you have already had
14
Q
How are red blood cells adapted to carry haemoglobin
A
No nucleus to make room for haemoglobin
Large surface area - biconcave shape
Large surface area compared to volume so oxygen is always close to the surface
14
Q
Platelets are small fragments of ______
A
Cells
15
Q
White blood cells destroy unwelcome _______________
A
Microorganisms
16
Q
Platelets have ____ nucleus
A
No
17
Q
Platelets help to ______ a wound
A
Clot
18
Q
Name two waste products that plasma carries
A
Carbon dioxide and urea
19
Q
Name two useful substances that plasma carries (other then red and white blood cells and platelets)
A
Glucose and amino acids
20
Q
What is an antigen
A
A marker on the surface of a microorganism that allows the lymphocyte to identify it as foreign
21
Q
A pathogen is an organism that causes _________
A
Disease
22
Q
Pathogens include many bacteria, viruses, protists and _______
A
Fungi
23
Q
Lymphocytes recognise pathogens as foreign and produce ____________
A
Antibodies
24
Phagocytes engulf pathogens by changing their shape and producing pseudopodia which surround and enclose the microorganism in a __________
Vacuole
25
Glucose is transported from where to where in the circulatory system
From the villi in the small intestine to body cells
26
Via the circulatory system, water and urea are transported from the liver to the ________
Kidneys
27
O2 is transported from lungs to the _____________ (circulatory system)
Body cells
28
CO2 is transported from cells to _______ (circulatory system)
Lungs and out of the body
29
Exposure to air stimulates platelets and damaged tissue to produce a ____________
Chemical
30
Why does oxygen diffuse into red blood cells in the lungs
Because there is a higher concentration of oxygen in the lungs than in the blood
31
What happens to the speed of blood as it flows through the capillaries and why
It is is forced to slow down because the blood cells are slightly bigger than capillaries therefore making sure that gas exchange definitely takes place
32
The chemical produced by platelets causes soluble fibrinogen to turn into insoluble __________
Fibrin
33
Fibrin forms a network across a wound and _____ blood cells get trapped. This forms a clot
Red blood cells
34
What is artificial immunity
When you can get immunity to a disease without having had it in the first place
35
Antibodies are specific - what does this mean
That the body produces antibodies that are specific for what they are fighting
36
When we look at a diagram of the heart the left side of the heart will appear on the _______ side of the page
Right
37
What is a vaccination
When the body is injected with a very small and very possibly dead amount of a certain disease leading the body to produce cells to fight it.
If you do get the disease - your body will be ready to fight it
39
________ send blood towards the heart and normally carry _____________ blood
Veins carry deoxygenated blood
40
What is the Aorta and what does it do
The main artery of the body supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system
41
_________ send blood away from the heart and normally carry ____________ blood
Arteries carry oxygenated blood
42
What is the pulmonary artery and what does it do
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
(It's the only artery which carries deoxygenated blood - this is because it hasn't been to the lungs yet)
42
Very small things don't need a circulatory system, they just get what they need by ______________
Diffusion
43
What is the pulmonary vein and what does it do carries blood toward the heart (like any other vein) but there is a difference. What is it.
The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
(It is the only oxygenated blood carrying vein because it's just been to the lungs)
45
Fish have a single circulatory system. What does this mean
Blood goes through the heart once per circulation
It goes from the heart to gills to body and back to heart
Heart -----> gills -----> body ------> heart -----> gills
45
Humans have a double circulatory system. What does this mean.
Blood goes through the heart twice per circulation
Heart to lungs to heart to body to heart
Heart -----> lungs -----> heart -----> body -----> heart -----> lungs -----> heart -----> body -----> heart
46
The ventricles contract and force blood out of the __________
Heart
47
The atrium contracts and forces blood into the _____________
Ventricles
49
The blood leaving the left side of the heart is pumped to the ________
Body
50
The blood leaving the right side of the heart is pumped to the _________
Lungs
51
What happens to blood in the lungs
It gets oxygenated
52
Which artery is the biggest
The aorta
52
Why are capillary walls so thin
So that substances can be exchanged between the blood and body cells by diffusion
53
Why do veins contain valves
So that if gravity pushes blood downwards, the valve will stop it
54
Arteries have a _________ outer wall
Thick
55
Veins have a _______ outer wall
Thin
56
Arteries have __________ central tubes meaning the blood is under ________ pressure
Narrow
| High
57
________ have valves to prevent backflow
Veins
58
Veins have a _______ central tube meaning they have _____ blood pressure
Wide
| Low
59
When ________ flows along veins it pushes past the valves which only open in one direction
Blood
60
If blood in a vein does flow _____________ it is trapped by closed valves
Backwards
61
Capillaries ________ arteries to veins
Link
62
Veins have thin walls and so need help from nearby __________ to push blood towards the heart
Muscles
63
_____________ are the only blood vessels where substances can be exchanged between the blood and body cells
Capillaries
64
Useful substances in the body diffuse across the __________ wall into body cells
Capillary
65
What keeps the blood moving in veins
Muscle fibres
67
What is the largest vein?
The vena cava
68
The aorta carries _____________ blood from the _______ side of the heart
Oxygenated
| Left
68
The aorta pumps blood to the _______
Body
69
The _________ ventricle wall is thicker than the other because it pumps blood all around the body rather than just to the lungs
Left
70
The pulmonary artery carries ________________ blood from the _________ side of the heart to the _________
Deoxygenated
Right
Lungs
71
The vena cava is on the ________ side of the heart
Right
| Which appears left in a diagram
72
The pulmonary artery is on the _______ side of the heart
Right
| Which appears left on a diagram
73
The tricuspid valve is found between the 2 chambers on the ________ side of the heart
Right
| Which appears left on a diagram
74
The bicuspid valve is found between the chambers on the _________ side of the heart
Left
| Which appears right on a diagram
75
The ________ are the top 2 chambers of the heart as oppose to the ___________ which are the bottom 2
Atria
| Ventricles
76
When we exercise how does our heart react
Heart rate increases
| Volume of blood pumped with each beat increases
77
When we are sleeping or resting out heart rate ____________
Decreases
78
The fight or flight response is triggered by the hormone _______________
Adrenaline
79
When we start to exercise, our muscles produce more ___________ __________
Carbon dioxide
80
Changes to heart rate are brought about by _________ impulses sent by the ___________ (a part of the brain)
Nerve impulses sent by the medulla
82
The medulla sends nerve impulses along the accelerator nerve which __________ heart rate
Increases
82
_______-_______ valves are found in blood vessels leaving the heart
Semi-lunar valves
83
The _________ divides the heart into left and right sides
Septum
84
When carbon dioxide levels return to normal, the medulla responds by sending impulses along the deccelerator nerve which ___________ heart rate
Decreases
85
Watch-pocket valves are found in ________
Veins
87
What is haemophilia
A hereditary disorder
Unable to form blood clots
Lack of platelets
88
Blood enters the right side of the heart through the:
| And leaves the right side of the heart through the:
Enters through the vena cava
| Leaves through the pulmonary artery
89
Blood enters the left side of the heart through the:
| And leaves the left side of the heart through the:
Enters through the pulmonary vein
| Leaves through the aorta
90
Pulmonary relates to the:
Lungs
91
Hepatic relates to the:
Liver
92
Renal relates to the:
Kidney
93
The hepatic portal vein carries blood from where to where?
From the gut to the liver
