Plant Reproduction Flashcards
What is the function of the sepal
Protects the unopened flower
What is the function of the petals
May be brightly coloured to attract insects
What is the stamen
The male part of the flower, comprising an anther attached to a filament
What is the function of the anther
Produces the male sex cells (pollen)
What is the male sex cell
Pollen
What is the function of the stigma
The top of the female part of the flower, which is sticky and collects pollen grains
What is the function of the ovary
Produces the female sex cells (contained in the ovules)
What is the function of the receptacle
The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached.
What is the function of the filament
Is the stalk that supports the anther
Petals are brightly coloured to attract ____________
Pollinators
What do nectaries produce and why
Nectar because it attracts and feeds bees
What are the streaks on the petals called
Nectar guides
What is the purpose of nectar guides
To attract pollinating insects to the nectaries
Name 3 features which would suggest that the flower is insect pollinated
Carpel on the inside Big, brightly coloured petals to attract insects Sticky stigma Big sticky pollen grains Scented flowers and nectaries
Pollination is when the pollen from the ________ of one flower sticks to the ________ of another flower
Anther
Stigma
Name 2 differences between a wind pollinated flower and an insect pollinated flower
Wind: Small dull petals
No nectaries or strong scents
A lot of small and light pollen grains
Long filaments that hang the anthers outside the plant so that pollen gets blown away by the wind
A large and feathery stigma to catch pollen as it’s carried away by the wind. Also often hangs outside
Insect: Petals are big and colourful
Scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects
Big, sticky pollen grains that stick to insects as they go from plant to plant
Sticky stigma so that any pollen picked up by insects on other plants will stick to it.
Fertilisation: The pollen grain lands on the __________ and a _________ _______ starts to grow. The pollen tube releases digestive _________ which help the tube grow down into the _________. It grows round into the _________________ (the opening in the ovary). The male nucleus travels down the pollen tube and into the ________. Here it fertilises the egg cell (______) nucleus
Stigma Pollen tube Enzymes Ovary Micropyle Ovule Ovum
Where is the female nucleus (egg) stored
Embryo sac
What is the function of the style
To support the stigma and connect it the ovary
Name 3 features which would suggest that the flower is wind pollinated
Small/dull petals No nectaries / strong scents Lots of pollen grains Long filaments which hang the anthers outside the flower Small and light pollen grains Large feathery stigma to catch pollen
Plants that are adapted to insect pollination will often have petals that are big and ______________ as well as scented flowers and nectaries to attract ___________. They have big, sticky ________ grains that stick to insects as they go from plant to plant. Finally they also have _______ stigma so that any pollen picked up by insects on other plants will stick it.
Colourful
Insects/pollinators
Pollen
Sticky
Are fruits and seeds are formed from the flowers or leaves
Flowers
When seeds are dried out they are they said to be dead or dormant
Dormant
What does the seed coat do
Protects the seed
The __________ consists of the plumule and radicle
Embryo
What does the seed leaf (cotyledon) do
Stores food
What does dormant mean
Not dead, in the right conditions they can grow again
When seeds are dormant they can __________ summer drought and winter cold
Survive
If iodine is placed on the seed leaves of a broad been, they will turn __________ because they contain _______ which will feed the _________ when it starts to grow
Black
Starch
Embryo
Regarding sexual and asexual reproduction: Are sex cells produced
Sexual: Yes
Asexual: No
Regarding sexual and asexual reproduction: Does fertilisation take place
Sexual: Yes
Asexual: No
Regarding sexual and asexual reproduction: Is there variation in offspring
Sexual: Yes
Asexual: No
Sexual reproduction has survival value in a __________ environment and
Asexual has survival value in a _________ environment
Sexual: changing environment
Asexual: Stable
___________ is the plant growth hormone grown in the _____ of the __________ and __________
Auxin
Tip
Shoots
Roots
Ethene is a hormone made by many fruits which causes the fruit to ________
Ripen
Bananas are picked up when they are unripe and transported in ships. During storage ethene is used to make them _______.
Ripen
What is a stimulus
A condition that affects plant growth
What is a tropism
A directional growth movement made by a plant part in response to a stimulus
What is a positive tropism
A growth towards a stimulus
What is a negative tropism
A growth away from a stimulus
What is phototropism
Growth in response to light
What is a hydrotropism
Growth in response to water
What is geotropism
Growth in response to gravity
What is a coleoptile
Similar to stems but easier to grow and use in experiments
What 2 parts are inside the stamen
Anther
Filament
What 3 parts are inside the Carpel
Stigma
Style
Ovary
What is germination
The process by which a plant grows from a seed
What happens inside a plant grow to make it towards light
More auxin accumulates on the side of the plant that’s in the shade. This makes the plant grow faster on the shaded side so the plant bends towards the light
What is the carpel
The female part of the flower, comprising of the ovary, style and stigma
Describe fertilisation in a plant
Pollen lands on stigma
Pollen tube grows down through the style to the ovary and into the ovule
Nucleus from the male gamete moves down the tube
It joins with the female gamete = fertilisation
What happens to the female gamete and ovary after fertilisation
The female gamete forms a seed
The ovary develops into a fruit around the seed
A seed often lies dormant until the conditions are right for __________________
Germination
What conditions are needed for germination and why
Water - to activate enzymes
Oxygen - for respiration
A suitable temperature
Describe germination
The seed takes in water
The root grows down
Then the shoot grows up
Finally, extra roots grow and the first green leaves appear
A developed seed contains an embryo and a store of ________ reserves, wrapped in a hard seed coat
When a seed starts to germinate, it gets __________ for respiration from its own _________ store, giving it the energy needed to grow. Once the plant has grown enough to produce green leaves, it can get its own food by _______________
Food
Glucose
Food
Photosynthesis
The parent strawberry sends out __________. These take root at various points and new plants start to grow. The new plants are clones of the parent plant. This is ______________ reproduction
Runners
Asexual
What are runners
Fast-growing stems that grow out sideways, just above the ground
