Urinary Tract and Renal

Question 1

Anion gap

Answer 1

AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3)

Question 2

Normal ABG ph

Answer 2

7.35 to 7.45

Question 3

Normal bicarb

Answer 3

22-26

Question 4

Normal PCO2

Answer 4

35-45

Question 5

In metabolic alkalosis there is excess

Answer 5

HCO3

Question 6

In metabolic acidosis there is decrease in

Answer 6

HCO3

Question 7

In respiratory acidosis there is increase in

Answer 7

CO2

Question 8

In respiratory alkalosis there is decrease in

Answer 8

CO2

Question 9

If HCO3 is high as in metabolic alkalosis, CO2 should compensate by

Answer 9

Increasing by 0.6 for every 1

Question 10

If PCO2 decreases as in respiratory alkalosis, what should bicarb do?

Answer 10

Decreased by 2 if acute, 6 if chronic

Question 11

If the CO2 increases as in respiratory acidosis, the bicarb should compensate by

Answer 11

Increasing by 1 for acute, 4-5 for chronic

Question 12

DDX prerenal acute kidney injury

Answer 12

Hypovolemia, low effective circulating volume, NSAIDs

Question 13

Renal causes of AKI

Answer 13

Renal vascular disease, glomerular disease, tubulointerstital disease

Question 14

Post renal cause of AKI

Answer 14

Obstructive uropathy

Question 15

Most common cause of urinary tract obstruction in newborn male

Answer 15

Posterior urethral valves

Question 16

In utero, impaired fetal urination can lead to

Answer 16

Oligohydramnois and subsequent lung hypoplasia

Question 17

US findings consistent with PUV

Answer 17

Dilated bladder with bilateral hydroureters and hydronephrosis

Question 18

Newborn boy wth bladder distension, decreased urine output, and respiratory distress should be evaluated for

Answer 18

Posterior uterthral valves

Question 19

Recurrent cystitis in women is defined as

Answer 19

2+ infections in 6m, 3+ infections in a year

Question 20

Prevention of recurrent cystitis in women

Answer 20

Daily antibiotic prophylaxis or postcoital prophylaxis

Question 21

When would cystoscopy be performed?

Answer 21

For suspected bladder cancer or urinary tract injury

Question 22

Does cranberry juice help UTIs

Answer 22

No, but increased fluid does

Question 23

Urodynamic testing is used to evaluate

Answer 23

Bladder function and urinary incontinence

Question 24

What age do symptoms of ADPKD usually arise

Answer 24

30-40

Question 25

Clinical presentation of ADPKD

Answer 25

Flank pain, hematuria, hypertension, bilateral kidney masses

Question 26

Management of ADPKD

Answer 26

Controlling risk factors, ACE inhibitors for hypertension, hemodialysis and renal transplant for ESRD

Question 27

Elevated creatinine is a sign of

Answer 27

Kidney dysfunction

Question 28

Low specific gravity on urinalysis

Answer 28

Urinary concentrating issue

Question 29

Most sensitive test for early elevations in albumin excretion is

Answer 29

Random urine albumin to creatinine ratio testing

Question 30

Which nodes are commonly affected in testicular cancer

Answer 30

Retroperitoneal lymph nodes

Question 31

Painless testicular mass, retroperitoneal nodes, low back pain

Answer 31

Testicular cancer

Question 32

Hypertension cause in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Answer 32

Cyst expansion leading to localized renal ischemia, and consequent increased renin release. Increased RAAS leads to secondary hyperaldosteronism

Question 33

Drug of choice for hypertension in ADPKD

Answer 33

ACE inhibitors

Question 34

Renal dysfunction in patients with advanced liver disease that is due to altered renal blood flow, nor intrinsic kidney disease

Answer 34

Hepatorenal syndrome

Question 35

Recurrent uti is defined as

Answer 35

2 or more in 6m, 3 or more in 1yr

Question 36

Preventing recurrent uti

Answer 36

Postcoital or daily ABX prophylaxis, topical vaginal estrogen post menopausal

Question 37

Treating vulvar lichen planus or lichen sclerosis

Answer 37

Topical corticosteroids

Question 38

Male patient presenting with soft irregular “bag of worms”, directly above testis, increasing with valsalva and not transilluminating

Answer 38

Varicocele

Question 39

Treating varicocele win boys and young men

Answer 39

Gonadal vein ligation

Question 40

Treating varicocele in older men do dont want more children

Answer 40

Scrotal support and NSAIDs

Question 41

Retrograde blood flow to testes and dilatation of the pampiniform plexus

Answer 41

Varicocele

Question 42

Fluid filled cyst of the head of the epididymis that transilluminates

Answer 42

Spermatocele

Question 43

Peritoneal fluid collections between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis

Answer 43

Hydroceles

Question 44

Firm testicular mass that doesnt change with positioning

Answer 44

Testicular neoplasia