Cardiovascular Flashcards
What CHADS2 score requires anticoagulation?
Greater than 2
Apixaban drug class
Non vitamin k antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC)
Enlarged cardiothoracic ratio could be due to (4)
Enlarged heart, pericardial effusion , elevated diaphragm, narrow chest width
Left atrial enlargement signs on CXR
Straight left heart border, double bubble right border
Heart perfusion stress testing
Exercise, persantine (dipyridamole), dobutamine
S1 sound is caused by
Mitral and tricuspid valve closure
S2 heart sound is caused by
Aortic and pulmonary valve closure
S1 qualities
High frequency, best heart in left lower sternal border or mitral area at apex
S2 best heard at
Upper left and right sternal border
S3 heart sound: 1. Pitch. 2. Due to?
- Low pitched at the apex. 2. Due to increased flow from volume overload
S4 heart sound
Atrial kick, at apex and low pitched
Caused by LVH or ischemia, atrium contracts against stiff ventricle
Diastolic murmurs include
Mitral stenosis, severe mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation
Steth side for each pitch?
With high frequency use diaphragm, low frequency use bell
Inspiration increases what murmur
A right sided (pulmonary) murmur due to increased venous return during inspiration
Standing increases what murmurs
MVP and HOCM
Squatting decreases which murmurs
MVP and HOCM
Valsalva changes murmurs
By decreasing cardiac filling, accentuating HOCM and MVP
Reguritant murmurs
LS - mitral regurg, ventricular septal defect
RS - tricuspid regurg
Triad of symptoms associated with aortic stenosis
Angina, syncope, dyspnea
Sustained apex beat can occur due to
LVH
Peripheral findings of tricuspid regurg
Ascites, pulsatile liver, peripheral edema
Causes of JVP distention PQRST
Pericardial effusion, quantity of volume, RS heart failure, SVC obstruction, tricuspid stenosis or regurg
Normal JVP height
<4cm
Aortic valve location for auscultation
2nd ICS, R sternal border