Urinary tract

Question 1

how many nephrons in kidney?

Answer 1

2.5 million

Question 2

two common kidney disease?

Answer 2

renal agenesis/solitary horse shoe kidney; polyscystic kidney disease

Question 3

autosomal dominant, defective polycysteine, cysts by dilated tubules, aneurysm in brain

Answer 3

polycystic kidney disease

Question 4

causes of glomerular disease?

Answer 4

immune mediated, metabolic, circulatory

Question 5

prerenal characteristics:

Answer 5

shock, heart failure

Question 6

renal characteristics:

Answer 6

glom/tubular disease in kidney

Question 7

post-renal characteristics:

Answer 7

urinary obstruction

Question 8

nephritic?

Answer 8

inflammation, hypertension, hematuria, ^ serum creatinine

Question 9

nephrotic?

Answer 9

edema, hyperlipidemia, proteinuria

Question 10

how is edema caused?

Answer 10

albumin is gone by proteinuria, oncotic pressure cause xs fluid in Interstitial space

Question 11

lipoid nephrosis is also referred to as:

Answer 11

minimal change disease

Question 12

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Answer 12

lipoid nephrosis

Question 13

lipoid nephrosis is characterized by:

Answer 13

fusion of foot processes of podocytes

Question 14

what is filtration barrier?

Answer 14

1) endothelial layer 2) glomerular basement membrane 3) podocytes and slit diaphragm

Question 15

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Answer 15

membranous nephropathy

Question 16

membranous nephropathy characterized by:

Answer 16

thickened basement membrane and granular immune complexes

Question 17

why is there no immune response in membranous nephropathy?

Answer 17

GBM don’t like immunoglobulins so it basically strangles/eats them so no inflammation occurs

Question 18

mechanism of acute glomerulonephritis?

Answer 18

Ag-Ab complexes (strep) formed and trapped in GBM–>complexes activate complement–>attract inflamm cells and overcrowd–>filtration doesn’t occur properly, damage basement membrane–>urine murky brown

Question 19

characterized by exudate in glomerular space?

Answer 19

crescentic glomerulonephritis

Question 20

what happens in goodpasture’s syndrome?

Answer 20

antibodies directly attach GBM, make holes, blood leaks out and collect in glom space, compress tubes

Question 21

what happens in ANCA?

Answer 21

anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies damage neutrophil proteins, attach to endothelial cells and then attach to neutrophils which release enzymes and damage glomerulus

Question 22

bacterial infection of kidney:

Answer 22

pyelonephritis

Question 23

when mesangium gets irritated and expands, these nodules occur

Answer 23

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

Question 24

acute pyelonephritis 2 paths of spread:

Answer 24

hematogenous, ascending

Question 25

what is ascending path?

Answer 25

urethra/bladder

Question 26

chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by:

Answer 26

destruction of renal parenchyma (scarring)

Question 27

Nephroblastoma involves gene mutation of :

Answer 27

Willm’s tumour gene

Question 28

Nephroblastoma is most common in:

Answer 28

children <4yrs old

Question 29

85% of cancers of kidney is:

Answer 29

renal cell carcinoma (clear cell type)

Question 30

4 groups of kidney stones

Answer 30

calcium, struvite, uric acid, cystine

Question 31

these stones associated with infection

Answer 31

struvite

Question 32

these stones are 75% of all kidney stones, small size

Answer 32

calcium

Question 33

these stones are often quiescent and seen in ppl with gout/hyperuricemia

Answer 33

uric acid

Question 34

least common stones

Answer 34

cystine

Question 35

symptoms of renal stones:

Answer 35

hematuria, renal colic

Question 36

inflammation of bladder wall

Answer 36

cystitis

Question 37

how to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 37

inhibitors of 5-alphareductase

Question 38

sits at base of bladder

Answer 38

prostate

Question 39

two zones of prostate:

Answer 39

transition and peripheral