endocrine Flashcards
positive stimulation is exerted by:
cells in hypothalamic centres
negative feedback inhibition created by:
hormones produced by target endocrine cells in thyroid, adrenals, gonads
anterior pituitary is ___ while posterior is ____
trophic; not trophic
2 butterfly shaped lobes connected by narrow band of tissue
thyroid gland
narrow band of tissue called:
isthmus
most important diseases involving endocrine glands present as :
hyperfunction, hypofunction, tumors
group of symptoms common to several diseases
syndrome
disease caused within the gland
primary
disease caused by something external
secondary
when secondary disease becomes autonomous
tertiary
ACTH simulation leads to ____ hyperplasia
adrenocortical
hypo function usually attributed to :
destruction of secretory cells
hyper function usually attributed to:
enlargement of endocrine glands
enlargement of endocrine glands result in ____ that compress neighbouring structures
mass lesions
hereditary syndrome that occurs in at least three forms (MEN-1, MEN-2A + B)
multiple endocrine neoplasia
in MEN-1, tumours come from:
pituitary, parathyroids, pancreatic islets of langerhans
in MEN-2A, tumours come from:
C cells of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma
In MEN-2B, tumours come from:
defects in tumor suppressor genes
localized mass lesion cause compression of _____
optic chiasm (basal portion of brain)
enlargement of pituitary may be associated with macroscopic or microscopic _____
adenomas
most common tumours in pituitary are ___
prolactinomas (lactotropic cells)
less common adenomas:
somatotropic, corticotropic
what is panhypopituitarism?
hypofunction involving all pit cells
causes of pit. hypofunction:
congenital development defects, tumors, ischemia
panhypopituitarism of adults is called:
simmond’s disease
pit. insufficiency of childhood results in ____
dwarfism
marked by lack of ADH secondary to destructive lesions
diabetes insipidus
patients w/ diabetes insipidus secrete lots of :
hypotonic urine
XS growth hormone presents in children as:
gigantism
XS growth hormone in adults results in :
acromegaly
acromegaly results in:
glucose intolerance, headache, visual field disturbance
prolactin XS result in :
galactorrhea, gonadal dysfunction, visual field disturbance
test pituitary with:
triple bolus test
test ADH with:
water deprivation
stim test GH with:
insulin hypoglycemia
stimulation test adrenal with:
SynACTHen Test
stim test for adrenal:
dexamethasone suppression
suppress test GH with:
Oral GTT
use stim test when:
hypofunction suspected
use suppression test when:
hyperfunction suspected
thyroid diseases present as ___ disturbances or as ____
functional; mass lesions
non-neoplastic enlargement of thyroid:
goitre
causes of high serum t4:
thyroid overactivity, thyroid destruction, ectopic thyroid
clinical symptoms of hyperthyroid:
heat intolerance, flushed, ^ sweat, ^ appetite, muscle wasting, wt loss
clinical symptoms hypothyroid:
cold intolerance, dry/pale skin, v food ingestion, weakness, wt gain
most common endocrine probs are:
thyroid disorders
1% women develop ___
primary hypothyroidism
benign thyroid tumours are found in ____% of adults
3-4
carcinoma of thyroid occurs in these 4 forms:
papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplatic
this is only type of thyroid carcinoma not originate from follicular cells:
medullary
thyroid cancer more common in:
females
hyperfunction of adrenal gland (tumour producing aldosterone) called:
conn’s syndrome
hyperortisolism called:
cushing’s syndrome
3 zones of adrenal cortex?
fasciculata, reticulara, glomerulosa
____ produces aldosterone
glomerulosa
pit gland controls zona ____ that produces cortisol
fasciculata
function of adrenal medulla?
form catecholamines, epinephrine
tumour of adrenal medulla that is malignant in children
neuroblastoma
tumour of AM that is in adults, usually benign, find VMA in urine
pheochromocytoma
excess cortisol causes ___
hyperglycemia
hypocortisolism is called:
addison’s disease
commonly cause chronic addison’s disease:
autoimmune disease, tumours, TB, amyloidosis
cause acute hypocortisolism:
waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome (meningococcal sepsis)
both neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma can cause ____
hypertension
consists of 4 coffee bean sized glands
parathyroids
job of PTH?
reg Ca and PO4
PTH cause Ca ___ at kidney, ___ from bone
retention; release
signs and symptoms of parathyroid tumour?
asymptomatic, bone, stones, groans, moans (psych), overtones (fatigue)
Hypercalcemia can be caused by:
malignancy. renal, high bone turnover, vitamin d toxicity, parathyroid
clinical manifest of prim. hyperparathyroidism
asymptomatic, non-specific symptoms, renal colic
hypoparathyroidism caused by:
autoimmune, development disorder, surgery remove parathyroids
causes of hypocalcemia
vitamin d deficient, parathyroid, magnesium deficient, iatrogenic (mass transfusion), hyperventilate, acute pancreatitis
why glucose poisonous in high concentration?
covalently atttach to proteins as aldehyde, cause atherosclerosis/neuropathy
types of 2ndary diabetes?
pancreatic/endocrine disease, gene syndrome (hemochromatosis)
complications of diabetes
cardio, kidney, eye, nervous
common cause acute pancreatitis
alcohol, bile stones
complications of acute pancreatitis
fat necrosis, calcifications, shock, abscess, diabetes
clin features of chronic pancreatitis
pain upper abdomen–>back, malabsorption, calcification, secondary diabetes
most neoplasms of pancreas are ____
exocrine, derived from ducts, solid, malignant, functionally silent
____ ^ adenocarcinoma risk
smoking, chronic pancreatitis
clin features of carcinoma of pancreas
jaundice, courvoisier’s sign (gallbladder distension), metastases to lymph nodes and liver
