endocrine Flashcards by Angela Luo

positive stimulation is exerted by:

cells in hypothalamic centres

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negative feedback inhibition created by:

hormones produced by target endocrine cells in thyroid, adrenals, gonads

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anterior pituitary is ___ while posterior is ____

trophic; not trophic

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2 butterfly shaped lobes connected by narrow band of tissue

thyroid gland

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narrow band of tissue called:

isthmus

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most important diseases involving endocrine glands present as :

hyperfunction, hypofunction, tumors

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group of symptoms common to several diseases

syndrome

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disease caused within the gland

primary

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disease caused by something external

secondary

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when secondary disease becomes autonomous

tertiary

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ACTH simulation leads to ____ hyperplasia

adrenocortical

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hypo function usually attributed to :

destruction of secretory cells

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hyper function usually attributed to:

enlargement of endocrine glands

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enlargement of endocrine glands result in ____ that compress neighbouring structures

mass lesions

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hereditary syndrome that occurs in at least three forms (MEN-1, MEN-2A + B)

multiple endocrine neoplasia

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in MEN-1, tumours come from:

pituitary, parathyroids, pancreatic islets of langerhans

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in MEN-2A, tumours come from:

C cells of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma

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In MEN-2B, tumours come from:

defects in tumor suppressor genes

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localized mass lesion cause compression of _____

optic chiasm (basal portion of brain)

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enlargement of pituitary may be associated with macroscopic or microscopic _____

adenomas

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most common tumours in pituitary are ___

prolactinomas (lactotropic cells)

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less common adenomas:

somatotropic, corticotropic

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what is panhypopituitarism?

hypofunction involving all pit cells

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causes of pit. hypofunction:

congenital development defects, tumors, ischemia

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panhypopituitarism of adults is called:

simmond's disease

pit. insufficiency of childhood results in ____

dwarfism

marked by lack of ADH secondary to destructive lesions

diabetes insipidus

patients w/ diabetes insipidus secrete lots of :

hypotonic urine

XS growth hormone presents in children as:

gigantism

XS growth hormone in adults results in :

acromegaly

acromegaly results in:

glucose intolerance, headache, visual field disturbance

prolactin XS result in :

galactorrhea, gonadal dysfunction, visual field disturbance

test pituitary with:

triple bolus test

test ADH with:

water deprivation

stim test GH with:

insulin hypoglycemia

stimulation test adrenal with:

SynACTHen Test

stim test for adrenal:

dexamethasone suppression

suppress test GH with:

Oral GTT

use stim test when:

hypofunction suspected

use suppression test when:

hyperfunction suspected

thyroid diseases present as ___ disturbances or as ____

functional; mass lesions

non-neoplastic enlargement of thyroid:

goitre

causes of high serum t4:

thyroid overactivity, thyroid destruction, ectopic thyroid

clinical symptoms of hyperthyroid:

heat intolerance, flushed, ^ sweat, ^ appetite, muscle wasting, wt loss

clinical symptoms hypothyroid:

cold intolerance, dry/pale skin, v food ingestion, weakness, wt gain

most common endocrine probs are:

thyroid disorders

1% women develop ___

primary hypothyroidism

benign thyroid tumours are found in ____% of adults

3-4

carcinoma of thyroid occurs in these 4 forms:

papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplatic

this is only type of thyroid carcinoma not originate from follicular cells:

medullary

thyroid cancer more common in:

females

hyperfunction of adrenal gland (tumour producing aldosterone) called:

conn's syndrome

hyperortisolism called:

cushing's syndrome

3 zones of adrenal cortex?

fasciculata, reticulara, glomerulosa

____ produces aldosterone

glomerulosa

pit gland controls zona ____ that produces cortisol

fasciculata

function of adrenal medulla?

form catecholamines, epinephrine

tumour of adrenal medulla that is malignant in children

neuroblastoma

tumour of AM that is in adults, usually benign, find VMA in urine

pheochromocytoma

excess cortisol causes ___

hyperglycemia

hypocortisolism is called:

addison's disease

commonly cause chronic addison's disease:

autoimmune disease, tumours, TB, amyloidosis

cause acute hypocortisolism:

waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome (meningococcal sepsis)

both neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma can cause ____

hypertension

consists of 4 coffee bean sized glands

parathyroids

job of PTH?

reg Ca and PO4

PTH cause Ca ___ at kidney, ___ from bone

retention; release

signs and symptoms of parathyroid tumour?

asymptomatic, bone, stones, groans, moans (psych), overtones (fatigue)

Hypercalcemia can be caused by:

malignancy. renal, high bone turnover, vitamin d toxicity, parathyroid

clinical manifest of prim. hyperparathyroidism

asymptomatic, non-specific symptoms, renal colic

hypoparathyroidism caused by:

autoimmune, development disorder, surgery remove parathyroids

causes of hypocalcemia

vitamin d deficient, parathyroid, magnesium deficient, iatrogenic (mass transfusion), hyperventilate, acute pancreatitis

why glucose poisonous in high concentration?

covalently atttach to proteins as aldehyde, cause atherosclerosis/neuropathy

types of 2ndary diabetes?

pancreatic/endocrine disease, gene syndrome (hemochromatosis)

complications of diabetes

cardio, kidney, eye, nervous

common cause acute pancreatitis

alcohol, bile stones

complications of acute pancreatitis

fat necrosis, calcifications, shock, abscess, diabetes

clin features of chronic pancreatitis

pain upper abdomen-->back, malabsorption, calcification, secondary diabetes

most neoplasms of pancreas are ____

exocrine, derived from ducts, solid, malignant, functionally silent

____ ^ adenocarcinoma risk

smoking, chronic pancreatitis

clin features of carcinoma of pancreas

jaundice, courvoisier's sign (gallbladder distension), metastases to lymph nodes and liver