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Pathology > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

positive stimulation is exerted by:

A

cells in hypothalamic centres

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2
Q

negative feedback inhibition created by:

A

hormones produced by target endocrine cells in thyroid, adrenals, gonads

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3
Q

anterior pituitary is ___ while posterior is ____

A

trophic; not trophic

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4
Q

2 butterfly shaped lobes connected by narrow band of tissue

A

thyroid gland

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5
Q

narrow band of tissue called:

A

isthmus

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6
Q

most important diseases involving endocrine glands present as :

A

hyperfunction, hypofunction, tumors

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7
Q

group of symptoms common to several diseases

A

syndrome

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8
Q

disease caused within the gland

A

primary

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9
Q

disease caused by something external

A

secondary

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10
Q

when secondary disease becomes autonomous

A

tertiary

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11
Q

ACTH simulation leads to ____ hyperplasia

A

adrenocortical

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12
Q

hypo function usually attributed to :

A

destruction of secretory cells

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13
Q

hyper function usually attributed to:

A

enlargement of endocrine glands

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14
Q

enlargement of endocrine glands result in ____ that compress neighbouring structures

A

mass lesions

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15
Q

hereditary syndrome that occurs in at least three forms (MEN-1, MEN-2A + B)

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia

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16
Q

in MEN-1, tumours come from:

A

pituitary, parathyroids, pancreatic islets of langerhans

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17
Q

in MEN-2A, tumours come from:

A

C cells of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma

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18
Q

In MEN-2B, tumours come from:

A

defects in tumor suppressor genes

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19
Q

localized mass lesion cause compression of _____

A

optic chiasm (basal portion of brain)

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20
Q

enlargement of pituitary may be associated with macroscopic or microscopic _____

A

adenomas

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21
Q

most common tumours in pituitary are ___

A

prolactinomas (lactotropic cells)

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22
Q

less common adenomas:

A

somatotropic, corticotropic

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23
Q

what is panhypopituitarism?

A

hypofunction involving all pit cells

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24
Q

causes of pit. hypofunction:

A

congenital development defects, tumors, ischemia

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25
Q

panhypopituitarism of adults is called:

A

simmond’s disease

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26
Q

pit. insufficiency of childhood results in ____

A

dwarfism

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27
Q

marked by lack of ADH secondary to destructive lesions

A

diabetes insipidus

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28
Q

patients w/ diabetes insipidus secrete lots of :

A

hypotonic urine

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29
Q

XS growth hormone presents in children as:

A

gigantism

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30
Q

XS growth hormone in adults results in :

A

acromegaly

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31
Q

acromegaly results in:

A

glucose intolerance, headache, visual field disturbance

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32
Q

prolactin XS result in :

A

galactorrhea, gonadal dysfunction, visual field disturbance

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33
Q

test pituitary with:

A

triple bolus test

34
Q

test ADH with:

A

water deprivation

35
Q

stim test GH with:

A

insulin hypoglycemia

36
Q

stimulation test adrenal with:

A

SynACTHen Test

37
Q

stim test for adrenal:

A

dexamethasone suppression

38
Q

suppress test GH with:

A

Oral GTT

39
Q

use stim test when:

A

hypofunction suspected

40
Q

use suppression test when:

A

hyperfunction suspected

41
Q

thyroid diseases present as ___ disturbances or as ____

A

functional; mass lesions

42
Q

non-neoplastic enlargement of thyroid:

A

goitre

43
Q

causes of high serum t4:

A

thyroid overactivity, thyroid destruction, ectopic thyroid

44
Q

clinical symptoms of hyperthyroid:

A

heat intolerance, flushed, ^ sweat, ^ appetite, muscle wasting, wt loss

45
Q

clinical symptoms hypothyroid:

A

cold intolerance, dry/pale skin, v food ingestion, weakness, wt gain

46
Q

most common endocrine probs are:

A

thyroid disorders

47
Q

1% women develop ___

A

primary hypothyroidism

48
Q

benign thyroid tumours are found in ____% of adults

A

3-4

49
Q

carcinoma of thyroid occurs in these 4 forms:

A

papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplatic

50
Q

this is only type of thyroid carcinoma not originate from follicular cells:

A

medullary

51
Q

thyroid cancer more common in:

A

females

52
Q

hyperfunction of adrenal gland (tumour producing aldosterone) called:

A

conn’s syndrome

53
Q

hyperortisolism called:

A

cushing’s syndrome

54
Q

3 zones of adrenal cortex?

A

fasciculata, reticulara, glomerulosa

55
Q

____ produces aldosterone

A

glomerulosa

56
Q

pit gland controls zona ____ that produces cortisol

A

fasciculata

57
Q

function of adrenal medulla?

A

form catecholamines, epinephrine

58
Q

tumour of adrenal medulla that is malignant in children

A

neuroblastoma

59
Q

tumour of AM that is in adults, usually benign, find VMA in urine

A

pheochromocytoma

60
Q

excess cortisol causes ___

A

hyperglycemia

61
Q

hypocortisolism is called:

A

addison’s disease

62
Q

commonly cause chronic addison’s disease:

A

autoimmune disease, tumours, TB, amyloidosis

63
Q

cause acute hypocortisolism:

A

waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome (meningococcal sepsis)

64
Q

both neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma can cause ____

A

hypertension

65
Q

consists of 4 coffee bean sized glands

A

parathyroids

66
Q

job of PTH?

A

reg Ca and PO4

67
Q

PTH cause Ca ___ at kidney, ___ from bone

A

retention; release

68
Q

signs and symptoms of parathyroid tumour?

A

asymptomatic, bone, stones, groans, moans (psych), overtones (fatigue)

69
Q

Hypercalcemia can be caused by:

A

malignancy. renal, high bone turnover, vitamin d toxicity, parathyroid

70
Q

clinical manifest of prim. hyperparathyroidism

A

asymptomatic, non-specific symptoms, renal colic

71
Q

hypoparathyroidism caused by:

A

autoimmune, development disorder, surgery remove parathyroids

72
Q

causes of hypocalcemia

A

vitamin d deficient, parathyroid, magnesium deficient, iatrogenic (mass transfusion), hyperventilate, acute pancreatitis

73
Q

why glucose poisonous in high concentration?

A

covalently atttach to proteins as aldehyde, cause atherosclerosis/neuropathy

74
Q

types of 2ndary diabetes?

A

pancreatic/endocrine disease, gene syndrome (hemochromatosis)

75
Q

complications of diabetes

A

cardio, kidney, eye, nervous

76
Q

common cause acute pancreatitis

A

alcohol, bile stones

77
Q

complications of acute pancreatitis

A

fat necrosis, calcifications, shock, abscess, diabetes

78
Q

clin features of chronic pancreatitis

A

pain upper abdomen–>back, malabsorption, calcification, secondary diabetes

79
Q

most neoplasms of pancreas are ____

A

exocrine, derived from ducts, solid, malignant, functionally silent

80
Q

____ ^ adenocarcinoma risk

A

smoking, chronic pancreatitis

81
Q

clin features of carcinoma of pancreas

A

jaundice, courvoisier’s sign (gallbladder distension), metastases to lymph nodes and liver

Pathology (19 decks)

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