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Pathology > heart > Flashcards

heart Flashcards

1
Q

vast majority of Cardio disease

A

atherosclerosis

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2
Q

what is hallmark of atherosclerosis?

A

endothelial injury

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3
Q

is injury–>ischemia reversible or irreversible?

A

reversible

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4
Q

types of ischemia

A

tolerable, critical, lethal

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5
Q

symptoms of coronary stenosis

A

angina pectoris, asymptomatic, arrhythmia, sudden death, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure

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6
Q

two types of angina pectoris?

A

unstable and stable

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7
Q

pain of ischemia relieved by:

A

rest, nitroglycerine (vasodilator)

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8
Q

complications of CAD:

A

MI, sclerosis, thrombosis, aneurysm

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9
Q

what is aneurysm?

A

weakening of wall causes dilation and rupture

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10
Q

clinical diagnosis of MI

A

cardiac biomarkers, ECG, cardiac catheterization, post mortem

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11
Q

clinical symptoms of MI

A

choking/pressure (left side), pass out, sweat, shock, weak pulse

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12
Q

most common cause of death from acute MI

A

ventricular fibrillation (arrhythmia) –>v-fib arrest

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13
Q

complications of MI

A

sudden death (25% of cases), heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, multisystem organ failure, weakening of arterial wal, aneurysm, valvular regurgitation

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14
Q

80% MI result from:

A

thrombus obstructed narrowed artery

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15
Q

what is artery of sudden death?

A

Left anterior descending

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16
Q

lateral infarction starts in:

A

left circumflex artery

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17
Q

the widow maker

A

anterior infarction

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18
Q

posterior infarction

A

right coronary artery obstruction

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19
Q

how diagnose MI?

A

consider med history, clinical presentation, 12 lead ECG, biomarkers (troponin)

20
Q

myoglobin has molecular weight of:

A

16000 daltons

21
Q

biomarkers of MI?

A

troponin, myoglobin, creatine kinase

22
Q

what is creatine kinase?

A

dimer with wt of 86000 daltons

23
Q

what kinds of dimer for CK in heart?

A

MM and MB

24
Q

complications of myocardial infarction

A

mural thrombus, ventricular aneurysm, myocardial rupture, cardiac tamponade (pericardial effusion)

25
Q

treatment?

A

clot busting drugs, percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG

26
Q

what is CABG?

A

coronary artery bypass graft

27
Q

what is pericardial effusion?

A

leakage of blood into pericardial space

28
Q

what is PCI?

A

percutaneous coronary intervention; balloon tipped catheter system (^ lumen diameter, restore BF)

29
Q

examples of clot busting drugs?

A

tPA, urokinase, streptokinase

30
Q

CABG involve ___vein, __ artery

A

saphenous; internal mammary

31
Q

what is congestive heart failure?

A

can’t pump all blood out of heart, back pressure to all organs behind failed chamber

32
Q

left heart failure cause ___ congestion

A

pulmonary

33
Q

right heart failure cause ___ congestion

A

peripheral

34
Q

heart failure cause ___ which results in dyspnoea

A

edema

35
Q

what is dyspnoea?

A

shortness of breath on exertion, constant, nocturnal

36
Q

people who operate cardio-pulmonary bypass machine

A

perfusionist

37
Q

what is RHD?

A

rheumatic heart disease related to strep infections

38
Q

RHD caused by:

A

antibodies to strep cross-react with cardiac antigens

39
Q

what is endocarditis?

A

inflammation of valves on left side of heart

40
Q

what are vegetations?

A

deposition of inflammatory cells, fibrin, and platelets

41
Q

what causes valve deformation?

A

healing by fibrous scarring

42
Q

valve insufficiency causes:

A

regurgitation (ventricles become dilated or hypertrophic)

43
Q

reflux of blood from ventricle to atrium during systole

A

mitral valve regurgitation

44
Q

causes back flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole

A

aortic regurgitation

45
Q

valve stenosis results in:

A

stagnation of blood into LA–>hypertension–>LV hypertophy

46
Q

non modifiable risk factors for CAD

A

^ age, male, heredity

47
Q

modifiable risk factors for CAD

A

hyperlipidemia, hypertension, physical inactive, smoke, obese, stress, diabetes

Pathology (19 decks)

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