hemodynamics

Question 1

___% of body weight is water

Answer 1

60

Question 2

what is the transcellular third space

Answer 2

body cavity spaces (pericardial, peritoneal, pleural, joint)

Question 3

^ interstitial fluid

Answer 3

edema

Question 4

fluid accumulation which are low protein, few cells

Answer 4

transudates

Question 5

causes of transudates

Answer 5

^ fluid vol, ^ hydrostatic pressure, v plasma proteins, lymph blockage

Question 6

what causes ^ fluid volume?

Answer 6

kidney failure (retention of sodium)

Question 7

what causes ^ hydrostatic pressure within the veins?

Answer 7

prolonged standing, generalized (heart failure)

Question 8

what causes v plasma proteins?

Answer 8

malnutrition, ^ protein loss nephrotic syndrome

Question 9

what causes lymphatic blockage?

Answer 9

worms (microorganisms–elephantiasis), cancer cells

Question 10

bad generalized edema is called:

Answer 10

anasarca

Question 11

generalized edema in fetus:

Answer 11

hydrops fetalis

Question 12

hemorrhage

Answer 12

blood escaped from blood vessels

Question 13

hematoma

Answer 13

leaked blood enough to form a mass

Question 14

worst sites for hemorrhage?

Answer 14

brain, heart, eye, pit.. gland

Question 15

thrombosis

Answer 15

transformation of fluid blood into solid aggregate of cells and fibrin in vascular lumen

Question 16

embolism

Answer 16

free particles/masses (emboli) floating in blood stream that aren’t normal

Question 17

Virchow’s triad?

Answer 17

blood vessel wall damage, blood flow abnormalities, blood component alterations

Question 18

irregular swirling layers of red cells, fibrin, platelets, and a few white cells is called;

Answer 18

lines of Zahn (tells you that this is a thrombus)

Question 19

characteristics of antemortem thrombi?

Answer 19

attached, hard and crumbly, lines of zahn

Question 20

postmortem clot characteristics?

Answer 20

non-adhesive, soft, chicken fat/currant jelly appearance

Question 21

most common reason for DIC?

Answer 21

systemic infection, and mestatic cancer

Question 22

what are fates of thrombi?

Answer 22

lysis, organization, recanalization, embolization

Question 23

what is organization?

Answer 23

ingrowth of vessels and inflammatory cells

Question 24

clinical effects of thrombi?

Answer 24

occlude lumen of vessel, narrow lumen

Question 25

examples of liquid emboli?

Answer 25

amniotic fluid, fat

Question 26

ex. of solid emboli:

Answer 26

cholesterol, tumor

Question 27

prolonged sitting can trigger:

Answer 27

pulmonary embolism

Question 28

necrosis caused by blocked bloood vessels

Answer 28

infarction

Question 29

pale (white) infarcts result from:

Answer 29

arterial occlusion (no blood)

Question 30

red infarcts result from :

Answer 30

venous occlusion ; restoration of blood to tissue already necrotic

Question 31

hypoperfusion of tissues leading to organ dysfunction

Answer 31

shock

Question 32

reduced organ perfusion leads to:

Answer 32

1) organ dysfunction, 2) secondary mediators of shock produced that exacerbate shock, 3) metabolic acidosis

Question 33

what are causes of shock?

Answer 33

pump failure, loss of fluid from circulation, loss of peripheral vascular tone

Question 34

what causes loss of peripheral vascular tone?

Answer 34

pooling of blood in peripheral vessels (anaphylactic shock, bacterial sepsis)

Question 35

3 stages of shock?

Answer 35

compensated shock, progressive (decompensated), irreversible

Question 36

what happens in compensated shock?

Answer 36

blood shunted away from skin/gut/kidney to brain and heart–>cold, clammy, v urine

Question 37

what is progressive shock?

Answer 37

end-organ damage, lactic acidosis and release of cytokines, low BP and altered consciousness