hematopoietic/lymphoid systems Flashcards
hemoglobin synth requires:
iron, vit. b12, b6, folic acid
heme is converted to ____ and excreted as ___
bilirubin; bile into intestine
major diseases:
anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, bleeding disorders
norm. level of hemoglobin in males? Females?
130g/L; 115g/L
ex. of objective msmts of RBC parameters?
MCV (mean corpuscular vol), MCH (mean corp. hemoglobin), MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin [ ] )
ex. of decreased hematopoiesis
bone marrow failure, deficiencies of nutrients
ex. of bone marrow failure
aplastic anemia, pancytopenia, myelophthisic anemia
abnormal hematopoiesis usualy consequence of ___ abnormalities
genetic
what is sickle cell anemia?
sub. of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of beta chain
^ loss and destruction of RBC caused by:
bleeding, intrasplenic sequestration, immune hemolysis, infections like malaria
caused by loss of blood, when fluid shifts from interstitial to ECF
dilutional anemia
two types of aplastic anemia
idiopathic (cause unknown), secondary (bone marrow suppression)
what causes secondary aplastic anemia?
cytotoxic drugs, radiation therapy, viral infection
most common form of anemia
iron deficiency (hypochromic microcytic)
pernicious anemia is associated with lack of ___
intrinsic factor (vit. B12 deficiency)
conditions contributing to megaloblastic anemia
pernicious anemia, resection of stomach, celiac, crohn’s, parasites
clinical features of sickle cell anemia
retarded, cardiopulmonary insufficiency, recurrent infection
thalassemia is prevalent of ppl of ___ descent
Mediterranean
thalassemia involves gene defect in synth of __
HbA (reduce rate of globin chain synth) –>can be beta or alpha
most common hereditary disease of RBC in Caucasians
hereditary spherocytosis
hereditary spherocytosis involves defect in genes encoding for:
ankyrin or alpha/beta chain of spectrin
2 types of polycythemia
primary (clonal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells), secondary (^ RBC vol cuz erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia)
secondary polycythemia usually caused by ____
prolonged hypoxia
consequences of polycythemia
hypertension, dark red face, headaches, visual probs, neurologic symptoms, splenomegaly, hypercellular bone marrow
leukocytic disorders
leukopenia, leukocytosis, leukemia, lymphoma
reduction in white blood cell count
leukopenia (neutro or lympho)
short term treatment w/:
antibiotics
^ number of WBC
leukocytosis (granulo, eosinophilic, lympho)
malignant disease involving WBC precursors in bone marrow and peripheral blood
leukemias
lymphoid cell malignant disease predominantly involving lymph nodes
lymphomas
malignant disease of plasma cells
multiple myeloma
chromosomal abnormalities that take place to cause lymphomas and leukemias
endogenous oncogenes
85% leukemias affect ____ and are ___
children; acute
what are the 4 categories of leukemias?
acute lymphoblastic, acute myelogenous, chronic myelogenous, chronic lymphocytic
20-30% all leukemias, most common form in children <5yrs, need chemotherapy
acute lymphoblastic
most common form leukemia in adults
acute myelogenous
three phases of chronic myelogenous
chronic, accelerated, blast crisis
in chronic myelogenous, ____ inhibitors induce remission in 90% patients
tyrosine kinase
which leukemia involves translocation of Philadelphia chromosome?
C M L
leukemia affect patients >50yrs, unresponsive to chemotherapy
C L L
affects any age group, all forms malignant,
lymphomas
this lymphoma involves B and T cell neoplasms
non-hodgkins
most common form of lymphoma
follicular
most common aggressive form of NonHodgkin Lymphoma
diffuse large-cell
lymphoma composed of small B cells, children and young adults affected
burkitt’s lymphoma
classical Hodgkin’s involves:
reed-sternberg cells (bilobed nucleus with clear halo)
non classical hodgkins involves
lymphocytic cells with popcorn nuclei
affects mostly ppl >45yrs, involves malignant plasma cells that typically proliferate in bone marrow and destroy surrounding bone
multiple myeloma
destruction of bone cause:
hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, leukopenia
first biochem tumor marker
Bence Jones Protein in urine
in MM, cells termed ___
monoclonal (descend from single cell)
diagnosis of MM based on:
xray, serum electrophoresis, bone marrow biopsy, Bence Jones
