bone and joint Flashcards
these lay down osteoid
osteoblasts
non-mineralized matrix called:
osteoid
three components of long bone:
epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis (long)
epiphysis is covered by:
cartilage (joint)
metaphysis is where:
blood suppply comes in
main component of bone, length and strength:
diaphysis (it’s hollow)
what is epiphyseal growth plate for?
cartilage laid down before become bone–>
endochondral
what is epiphyseal growth plate for?
cartilage laid down before become bone–>
endochondral ossification
predominant mineral?
Ca
mature osteoblasts
osteocytes
these remodel bone
osteoclasts
autosomal dominant, defect of endochondral ossification, growth of long bone retarded, normal trunk cause dwarfism
achondroplasia
mutation in laying down of collagen, born with multiple fractures, blue sclerae, thin skin, thin dental enamel
osteogenesis imperfecta
mutation in laying down of collagen, born with multiple fractures, blue sclerae (whites of eyes), thin skin, thin dental enamel
osteogenesis imperfecta
bacterial infection of bone
osteomyelitis
causes of osteomyelitis?
pyogenic cocci (staph in metaphysis–>diaphysis–>pus into epiphysis), mixed flora (drug addiction), TB
devitalized bone fragments cut off from blood supply (dead bone)
sequestra
reactive bone formed to wall off infection (laying down of new bone)
involucrum
bone is thin, 1/3 of women >65 yrs affected, prone to fractures
osteoporosis
secondary cause of osteoporosis
hormonal problems, dietary, immobilization, drugs (anticonvulsants, heparin)
after age __ bone loss >form
30
postmenopause osteoporosis in trabecular bone (vertebrae, wrist)
type 1
old age osteoporosis in cortical and trabecular bone of long bones (neck of femur)
type 2
soft bones. abnormal (not calcified), disturb of vit D or PO4 metabolism
osteomalacia
osteomalacia is called __ in kids
rickets
causes of osteomalacia
vit D, hypophosphatemia
deformities in rickets
bow legs, pigeon breast, growth retardation
symptoms of osteomalacia and rickets
muscle spasms and fractures
types of fractures?
simple, compound, comminuted, complete, incompete
incomplete also called:
greenstick
fracture with several fragments
comminuted
causes of fracture
traumatic; pathologic
step one of fracture healing:
hematoma fills and surrounds injured area, clotted blood seals off fracture site
step two of fracture healing:
acute inflammatory response, granulation tissue. new blood vessels and fibroblasts, osteoblasts start making osteoid and sprinkle Ca
step three of fracture healing:
realignment by osteoclasts/osteoblasts
what is callus?
area of healing of fracture
fracture treatment
immobilization, reconstruction of any gap, debridement
what is debridement?
get rid of necrotic tissue
location of osteosarcoma?
metaphysis, long bones
osteosarcoma common in:
young persons, males
degenerative joint disease–>wear and tear of articular cartilage (soft, thin, vertical clefts, surface defects)
osteoarthritis
what is eburnation?
denuded bone
what is bone degeneration called?
bone cysts
what is osteophyte?
new bone formation in osteoarthritis (Heberden’s nodes)
clinical features of osteoarthritis?
pain/stiffness, crepitus, swelling/warmth, Heberden’s nodes
what is crepitus?
grating sensation on movement
systemic autoimmune disease affecting synovial joints, chronic inflammation
rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis more common in:
women
exudation of fluid and inflammatory cells into joint
synovitis
what is pannus?
ingrowth of vessels + synovial cells–>granulation tissue (inflamed synovium)
what is synovium?
lubrication, protection of joints
what does pannus do?
secrete lytic enzymes that destroy cartilage
immobilized joints referred to as:
ankylosis
complications of rheumatoid?
joint deformities, ulnar drift, lung fibrosis
