immunopathology Flashcards
4 categories of pathogenic microorganisms
virus, bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites
antibodies are developed against ____
antigens
2 types of immunity
innate and adaptive
cells of immune system
leukocytes
leukocytes not involved in innate immunity?
B cell and T cell (adaptive)
these cells have to diferentiate in epithelial tissue
monocytes
only cell type of innate immune system that originates from common lymphoid progenitor
NK cell
first line of defense, also antigen presentation
macrophage
granulocytes containing active agents like histamine, activated when infection occurs
mast cell
these cells release lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells
natural killer cells
an antigen presentation cell, promotes antigen uptake in peripheral sites
dendritic cells
B and T cells are called:
lymphocytes
soluble antigens will not be bound by ___
T cell receptors (without APC)
what are the APCs?
dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
two types of functional T cells
functional cytotoxic (CD*+) and functional helper (CD4+)
what do CD*+ do?
eliminate virus infected cells
how regulate functional T cells?
regulatory T cell
what’s the function of memory t-cells
ensure rapid adaptive immune response when same pathogen invade again (circulate a long time)
B cells need helper ____
T cells
TH2 helps:
B cells and eosinophils
TH1 helps:
macrophages
B cells (activated to plasma cells) produce:
antibodies
T cells need to finish differentiation in:
thymus
bacteria trigger macrophages to release ____
cytokines, chemokines
T cells are located in:
lymph nodes
what are MHCs?
Major Histocompatibility Complexes
MHC1 present to __ T cells, MHC2 present to ___ T cells
CD8+ (expressed on all nucleated cells); CD4+ (expressed on APCs)
antibody cule includes ____ region and ___ region
variable; constant
purpose of variable region?
antigen-binding site
purpose of constant region?
effector function
5 classes of antibodies
IgM (initial), IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA
purpose of Fc region?
effector functions, compliment systems and cell activation
what is Type 1 Hypersensitivity?
anaphylactic/atopic reaction
anaphylactic rxn is predominantly mediated by ____
IgE and mast cells
late phase response (4-6 hrs) typical of bronchial asthma
recruitment of leukotrienes
ex. of Type 2 Hypersensitivity?
hemolytic anemia, goodpasture’s syndrome, grave’s diease, myasthenia gravis
Type 2 hypersens is predominantly mediated by:
cytotoxic IgG or IgM targeting antigens on cells/tissue such as xtracell matrix
ex. of type 3 hypersensitive
poststreptococcal glomerulonehritis, polyarteritis Nodosa, systemic lupus
type 3 mediated by:
immune complexes between antigens and antibodies trapped in BV walls /membranes by xtracell matrix proteins
type 4 ex
tumour, tb, leprae -associated antigens; contact dermatitis
contact dermatitis ex.
latex, poison ivy
type 4 initiated by:
macrophages–>cross-activation with T cells–>produce mem T cells–>granulomas
type 4 relies on cytokines like:
IFN-y
symptoms of anaphylactic shock
stridor (vocal cord spasm), choking (laryngeal edema), wheezing (bronchial spasm, pulmonary edema), systemic circ collapse, fainting caused by hypotension due to vasodilation
results from the fail of autotolerance in immune sys, associated with gene predisposition. It is more common in women
autoimmunity
examples of autoimmunity
type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, MS, pemphigus vulgaris (skin)
results from deficiency in B/T cells, characterized by low lympocyte counts in blood. Can be congenital or acquired
immunodeficiency
ex. of immunodeficiency
primary: SCID, isolated IgA deficiency, DiGeorge syndrome
secondary: AIDS
