immunopathology

Question 1

4 categories of pathogenic microorganisms

Answer 1

virus, bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites

Question 2

antibodies are developed against ____

Answer 2

antigens

Question 3

2 types of immunity

Answer 3

innate and adaptive

Question 4

cells of immune system

Answer 4

leukocytes

Question 5

leukocytes not involved in innate immunity?

Answer 5

B cell and T cell (adaptive)

Question 6

these cells have to diferentiate in epithelial tissue

Answer 6

monocytes

Question 7

only cell type of innate immune system that originates from common lymphoid progenitor

Answer 7

NK cell

Question 8

first line of defense, also antigen presentation

Answer 8

macrophage

Question 9

granulocytes containing active agents like histamine, activated when infection occurs

Answer 9

mast cell

Question 10

these cells release lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells

Answer 10

natural killer cells

Question 11

an antigen presentation cell, promotes antigen uptake in peripheral sites

Answer 11

dendritic cells

Question 12

B and T cells are called:

Answer 12

lymphocytes

Question 13

soluble antigens will not be bound by ___

Answer 13

T cell receptors (without APC)

Question 14

what are the APCs?

Answer 14

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Question 15

two types of functional T cells

Answer 15

functional cytotoxic (CD*+) and functional helper (CD4+)

Question 16

what do CD*+ do?

Answer 16

eliminate virus infected cells

Question 17

how regulate functional T cells?

Answer 17

regulatory T cell

Question 18

what’s the function of memory t-cells

Answer 18

ensure rapid adaptive immune response when same pathogen invade again (circulate a long time)

Question 19

B cells need helper ____

Answer 19

T cells

Question 20

TH2 helps:

Answer 20

B cells and eosinophils

Question 21

TH1 helps:

Answer 21

macrophages

Question 22

B cells (activated to plasma cells) produce:

Answer 22

antibodies

Question 23

T cells need to finish differentiation in:

Answer 23

thymus

Question 24

bacteria trigger macrophages to release ____

Answer 24

cytokines, chemokines

Question 25

T cells are located in:

Answer 25

lymph nodes

Question 26

what are MHCs?

Answer 26

Major Histocompatibility Complexes

Question 27

MHC1 present to __ T cells, MHC2 present to ___ T cells

Answer 27

CD8+ (expressed on all nucleated cells); CD4+ (expressed on APCs)

Question 28

antibody cule includes ____ region and ___ region

Answer 28

variable; constant

Question 29

purpose of variable region?

Answer 29

antigen-binding site

Question 30

purpose of constant region?

Answer 30

effector function

Question 31

5 classes of antibodies

Answer 31

IgM (initial), IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA

Question 32

purpose of Fc region?

Answer 32

effector functions, compliment systems and cell activation

Question 33

what is Type 1 Hypersensitivity?

Answer 33

anaphylactic/atopic reaction

Question 34

anaphylactic rxn is predominantly mediated by ____

Answer 34

IgE and mast cells

Question 35

late phase response (4-6 hrs) typical of bronchial asthma

Answer 35

recruitment of leukotrienes

Question 36

ex. of Type 2 Hypersensitivity?

Answer 36

hemolytic anemia, goodpasture's syndrome, grave's diease, myasthenia gravis

Question 37

Type 2 hypersens is predominantly mediated by:

Answer 37

cytotoxic IgG or IgM targeting antigens on cells/tissue such as xtracell matrix

Question 38

ex. of type 3 hypersensitive

Answer 38

poststreptococcal glomerulonehritis, polyarteritis Nodosa, systemic lupus

Question 39

type 3 mediated by:

Answer 39

immune complexes between antigens and antibodies trapped in BV walls /membranes by xtracell matrix proteins

Question 40

type 4 ex

Answer 40

tumour, tb, leprae -associated antigens; contact dermatitis

Question 41

contact dermatitis ex.

Answer 41

latex, poison ivy

Question 42

type 4 initiated by:

Answer 42

macrophages-->cross-activation with T cells-->produce mem T cells-->granulomas

Question 43

type 4 relies on cytokines like:

Answer 43

IFN-y

Question 44

symptoms of anaphylactic shock

Answer 44

stridor (vocal cord spasm), choking (laryngeal edema), wheezing (bronchial spasm, pulmonary edema), systemic circ collapse, fainting caused by hypotension due to vasodilation

Question 45

results from the fail of autotolerance in immune sys, associated with gene predisposition. It is more common in women

Answer 45

autoimmunity

Question 46

examples of autoimmunity

Answer 46

type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, MS, pemphigus vulgaris (skin)

Question 47

results from deficiency in B/T cells, characterized by low lympocyte counts in blood. Can be congenital or acquired

Answer 47

immunodeficiency

Question 48

ex. of immunodeficiency

Answer 48

primary: SCID, isolated IgA deficiency, DiGeorge syndrome secondary: AIDS