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Pathology > gi tract > Flashcards

gi tract Flashcards

1
Q

^ in intracranial pressure causes

A

projectile vomiting

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2
Q

what is esophageal irritation?

A

heartburn

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3
Q

what is salivary gland secretions?:

A

waterbrash

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4
Q

what is hemetemesis

A

blood in vomit

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5
Q

when body tenses up to ready for extrusion

A

retching

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6
Q

what kind of epithelium in lining of esophagus?

A

stratified squamous (well protected)

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7
Q

causes of infectious esophagitis?

A

viral, fungal, herpes, candida albicans

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8
Q

heartburn and waterbrash characteristic of:

A

esophagitis

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9
Q

what cause esophagitis?

A

infection, reflux of gastric juice, exogenous irritants and chem

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10
Q

reflux esophagitis usually secondary to:

A

hiatal hernia

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11
Q

what is barrett’s change?

A

esophagus change from squamous to columnar (secretes mucous) as protective mechanism–>dysplasia–>cancer

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12
Q

characteristics of gastritis?

A

nausea, vomit, hemetemesis, upper ab pain

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13
Q

acute gastritis caused by:

A

alcohol, aspirin

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14
Q

chronic gastritis caused by:

A

helicobacter pylori

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15
Q

peptic ulcer most common in:

A

duodenum

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16
Q

common cause peptic ulcer?

A

stress, helicobacter, NSAIDs, Zollinger Ellison syndrome

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17
Q

what does peptic ulcer look like?

A

clean, sharply punched out (diff from cancer which looks dirty)

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18
Q

clinical features of duodenal ulcer:

A

pain 1-2 hr after eat, pain alleviated by alkali food, melena and iron loss

19
Q

complications of peptic ulcer

A

hemorrage (destroy BV), penetration (pancreas), perforation (body cavity), scarring (less distension of stomach)

20
Q

carcinoma of stomach more common in:

A

Japan, Chile (nitrosamines, smoked fish, atrophic gastritis)

21
Q

4 types of stomach cancer

A

polypoid, fungating, ulcerated, diffusely infiltrating

22
Q

Diarrhea is characteristic of:

A

infections, IBD

23
Q

2 types IBD?

A

Crohn’s and colitis

24
Q

small bowel diarrhea?

A

large volume, watery

25
Q

large bowel diarrhea?

A

small volume, with blood/mucous/leukocytes

26
Q

frequent passage of loose stool

A

diarrhea

27
Q

what to do to treat traveller’s diarrhea?

A

antibiotics, probiotics, caution (peptobismal helps)

28
Q

sites of involvement in Crohn’s

A

terminal ileum, anywhere from mouth to anus

29
Q

sites of involvement in colitis

A

rectum, extends proximally up to ileocecal valve (progresses backwards)

30
Q

pattern of involvement in crohn’s is ___ while UC is ___

A

discontinuous; continuous

31
Q

extent of inflammation in bowel wall is ____ in Crohn’s, ___ in UC

A

full thickness ; mucosal only

32
Q

complications of crohn’s

A

malabsorption, fistulae and sinuses, perforation/peritonitis, scarring and intestinal obstruction (fecal incontinence, ab pain)

33
Q

complications of UC

A

bleeding, megacolon (paralysed), cancer

34
Q

what is ectopic pregnancy?

A

implantation in fallopian tubes (misdiagnose this as appendicitis)

35
Q

what happens in acute appendicitis?

A

blockage prevent venous return, cause edema. + bacterial growth, shut off arterial supply–>gangrene

36
Q

what is appendicitis caused by?

A

obstruction (secretions, fecal material, worms), colitis

37
Q

pain in appendicitis starts in ___ and spreads to___

A

navel; right lower quadrant (McBurney’s point)

38
Q

commonest feature of colon cancer

A

polyps in GIT (rectal bleeding)

39
Q

non-neoplastic polyps caused by:

A

inflammation

40
Q

causes of neoplastic colonic polyps?

A

sporadic (localized proliferation), familial

41
Q

pathologic appearance of colon cancer, right side:

A

secum–>grow like cauliflower, fungating and ulcerating lesions, lots of mucin, diarrhea; symptoms late

42
Q

path appearance of colon cancer, left side:

A

rectum–>circumferential (napkin-ring), constricting, constipation, flattened stools, rectal bleeding; symptoms early

43
Q

survival depends on ___ staging system

A

Duke’s

Pathology (19 decks)

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