gi tract

Question 1

^ in intracranial pressure causes

Answer 1

projectile vomiting

Question 2

what is esophageal irritation?

Answer 2

heartburn

Question 3

what is salivary gland secretions?:

Answer 3

waterbrash

Question 4

what is hemetemesis

Answer 4

blood in vomit

Question 5

when body tenses up to ready for extrusion

Answer 5

retching

Question 6

what kind of epithelium in lining of esophagus?

Answer 6

stratified squamous (well protected)

Question 7

causes of infectious esophagitis?

Answer 7

viral, fungal, herpes, candida albicans

Question 8

heartburn and waterbrash characteristic of:

Answer 8

esophagitis

Question 9

what cause esophagitis?

Answer 9

infection, reflux of gastric juice, exogenous irritants and chem

Question 10

reflux esophagitis usually secondary to:

Answer 10

hiatal hernia

Question 11

what is barrett’s change?

Answer 11

esophagus change from squamous to columnar (secretes mucous) as protective mechanism–>dysplasia–>cancer

Question 12

characteristics of gastritis?

Answer 12

nausea, vomit, hemetemesis, upper ab pain

Question 13

acute gastritis caused by:

Answer 13

alcohol, aspirin

Question 14

chronic gastritis caused by:

Answer 14

helicobacter pylori

Question 15

peptic ulcer most common in:

Answer 15

duodenum

Question 16

common cause peptic ulcer?

Answer 16

stress, helicobacter, NSAIDs, Zollinger Ellison syndrome

Question 17

what does peptic ulcer look like?

Answer 17

clean, sharply punched out (diff from cancer which looks dirty)

Question 18

clinical features of duodenal ulcer:

Answer 18

pain 1-2 hr after eat, pain alleviated by alkali food, melena and iron loss

Question 19

complications of peptic ulcer

Answer 19

hemorrage (destroy BV), penetration (pancreas), perforation (body cavity), scarring (less distension of stomach)

Question 20

carcinoma of stomach more common in:

Answer 20

Japan, Chile (nitrosamines, smoked fish, atrophic gastritis)

Question 21

4 types of stomach cancer

Answer 21

polypoid, fungating, ulcerated, diffusely infiltrating

Question 22

Diarrhea is characteristic of:

Answer 22

infections, IBD

Question 23

2 types IBD?

Answer 23

Crohn’s and colitis

Question 24

small bowel diarrhea?

Answer 24

large volume, watery

Question 25

large bowel diarrhea?

Answer 25

small volume, with blood/mucous/leukocytes

Question 26

frequent passage of loose stool

Answer 26

diarrhea

Question 27

what to do to treat traveller's diarrhea?

Answer 27

antibiotics, probiotics, caution (peptobismal helps)

Question 28

sites of involvement in Crohn's

Answer 28

terminal ileum, anywhere from mouth to anus

Question 29

sites of involvement in colitis

Answer 29

rectum, extends proximally up to ileocecal valve (progresses backwards)

Question 30

pattern of involvement in crohn's is ___ while UC is ___

Answer 30

discontinuous; continuous

Question 31

extent of inflammation in bowel wall is ____ in Crohn's, ___ in UC

Answer 31

full thickness ; mucosal only

Question 32

complications of crohn's

Answer 32

malabsorption, fistulae and sinuses, perforation/peritonitis, scarring and intestinal obstruction (fecal incontinence, ab pain)

Question 33

complications of UC

Answer 33

bleeding, megacolon (paralysed), cancer

Question 34

what is ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 34

implantation in fallopian tubes (misdiagnose this as appendicitis)

Question 35

what happens in acute appendicitis?

Answer 35

blockage prevent venous return, cause edema. + bacterial growth, shut off arterial supply-->gangrene

Question 36

what is appendicitis caused by?

Answer 36

obstruction (secretions, fecal material, worms), colitis

Question 37

pain in appendicitis starts in ___ and spreads to___

Answer 37

navel; right lower quadrant (McBurney's point)

Question 38

commonest feature of colon cancer

Answer 38

polyps in GIT (rectal bleeding)

Question 39

non-neoplastic polyps caused by:

Answer 39

inflammation

Question 40

causes of neoplastic colonic polyps?

Answer 40

sporadic (localized proliferation), familial

Question 41

pathologic appearance of colon cancer, right side:

Answer 41

secum-->grow like cauliflower, fungating and ulcerating lesions, lots of mucin, diarrhea; symptoms late

Question 42

path appearance of colon cancer, left side:

Answer 42

rectum-->circumferential (napkin-ring), constricting, constipation, flattened stools, rectal bleeding; symptoms early

Question 43

survival depends on ___ staging system

Answer 43

Duke's