Urinary Tract Flashcards
What kind of system is the urinary tract and what does it do?
- Excretory system
- Gets rid of waste products produced in the body
The urinary tract is composed of… (6 things)
- Ureters
- Urethra
- Urinary bladder
- Kidneys
- Adrenal glands
- Prostate
Describe what each does
Fluids are absorbed through the ______.
______ is created in the ______.
_______ hold it and turn it into ____ and send it to the ______.
The _______ connects to the _______ which sends _____ to the ______.
Fluids are absorbed through the MEDULLA.
URINE is created in the CALYCES.
CALYCES hold it and turn it into URINE and send it to the RENAL PELVIS.
The RENAL PELVIS connects to the URETERS which sends URINE to the BLADDER.
Describe the anatomy of the ureters
Two long tubes extending from the pelvis of each kidney and connecting them to the bladder
Describe the anatomy of the urethra
A small, tubular canal which conveys urine to the exterior
Describe the anatomy of the urinary bladder
A sac-like reservoir for urine that connects to the distal portion of the ureters
Describe the anatomy of the kidney
2 bean-shaped bodies positioned about the level of T12-L3 that remove waste materials from the blood and excrete about 1-2L of urine/day
Describe the anatomy of the adrenal glands
Small, flat endocrine glands sitting on superior pole of kidneys that secrete epinephrine
Describe the anatomy of the prostate
A gland surrounding the male urethra that, if enlarged, may lead to urinary retention
What is another word for urination?
Micturition
What is epinephrine?
Hormone that initiates fight or flight response (created in adrenal glands)
What are the 3 most common urinary tract procedures?
- Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) or Intravenous Urography (IVU)
- Cystogram
- Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCU)
What contrast is used during
- IVP/IVU
- Cystogram
- Voiding Cystourethrogram (CVU)
What contrast is used during
- IVP/IVU - Optiray
- Cystogram - Cysto-Conray
- Voiding Cystourethrogram (CVU) - Cysto-Conray
What are you looking for when doing an
- IVP/IVU
- Cystogram
- VCU
- IVP/IVU - KUB
- Cystogram - BLADDER WALLS, DISTAL URETERS, AND URETHRA
- VCU - BLADDER AND URETHRA
How is an IVP/IVU performed?
Performed by injecting an iodinated contrast agent (Optiray) through an IV and taking films to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
What films are taken for a IVP/IVU?
- Preliminary scout KUB
- 3 minute delay of kidneys after injection of contrast
- 5 minute delay of kidneys
- 15 minute delay KUB and both posterior obliques rotated 30° (LPO and RPO)
- Post-void KUB
How is a cystogram performed?
Performed by introducing 200-400mL of contrast (Cysto-Conray) through a urethral catheter under fluoroscopy in order to demonstrate the bladder walls, the distal ureters, and the urethra
What films are taken for a cystogram?
- AP preliminary scout
- AP, RPO, and LPO when bladder is full
- Lateral
- Post-void bladder spot
How is a voiding cystourethrogram (VCU) performed?
When does the radiologist exam the anatomy via fluoroscopy?
In what position are females examined vs males?
- An examination of the bladder and urethra performed by using contrast (Cysto-Conray) introduced into the body via urethral catheter.
- Before, during, and after voiding
- Females - AP position Males - RPO position
All patients ___ and older, with ___ or with known _____must have _______ drawn prior to injection of ________ in order to check ________ to ensure patient safety.
High ____ signify improper function of _____, meaning ____ could cause _____ failure.
All patients 65 and older, with DIABETES or with known RENAL DISEASE must have BLOOD LABS drawn prior to injection of IODINATED CONTRAST in order to check CREATINE to ensure patient safety.
High CREATINE LEVELS signify improper function of KIDNEYS, meaning CONTRAST could cause RENAL failure.
Creatine of ____or ____ = safe to recieve contrast
Creatine of 1.6 or LESS = safe to recieve contrast
Name and describe possible reactions to contrast
- Dyspnea - difficulty breathing
- Angina - chest pain
- Nausea or vomiting
- Hives associated with severe itching
- Arrhythmia - irregular heartbeat
- Vertigo - dizziness
Define bradycardia and tachycardia
- Bradycardia - slow heartbeat
- Tachycardia - fast heartbeat
Name 5 pathological conditions of the urinary tract
- Hydronephrosis
- Carcinoma
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Pheochromocytoma
- Vesicoureteral reflux
Define hydronephrosis
Distention of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine
Define carcinoma
Malignant new growth composed of epithelial cells - bladder or renal cell (in kidney)
Define polycystic kidney disease
Massive enlargement of the kidney with the formation of many cysts
Define pheochromocytoma
A rare, benign tumor of the adrenal glands that causes hypertension
Define vesicoureteral reflux
Backward flow of urine from bladder into ureters
